east african genetics bodybuilding

This is due to the high percentage of fat in their muscles. 2016). 2017; Tallman et al. The high genetic diversity contributes to the poor generalizability of polygenic scores in Africa (Majara et al. (A) The stepwise spread of lactose persistence from northeastern Africa into eastern Africa and subsequently into southern Africa. The genetics of East African populations: a Nilo-Saharan Overall, this suggests multiple migration waves of Bantu speakers or that Khoe-San admixture did not occur immediately. (2017) concluded that a highly divergent haplotype of MUC7 introgressed into modern West Africans from an archaic lineage. 2017). This gives them remarkable elasticity in their skin, which allows the skin to react to the strain. Specifically, Latin American genomes are enriched for African MHC/HLA haplotypes (Zhou et al. Arabic-speaking populations from Central and Eastern Sahel form an east-to-west genetic cline due to varying amounts of Middle Easternrelated and East Africanrelated ancestry (Fortes-Lima et al. Scan this QR code to download the app now. east genetics The genetics of East African populations: a Nilo-Saharan 2022), it is imperative that ongoing efforts to sequence diverse populations on the African continent need to be expanded. Finally, we explore the biomedical implications of population structure in Africa on health and disease and call for more ethically conducted studies of genetic variation in Africa. Furthermore, east African pastoralist contributions to Khoe-San groups are lower on X chromosomes than autosomes (Vicente et al. 2019; Wang et al. The genetic heterogeneity of Arab populations as inferred from This selection has largely occurred during the Holocene, making it a relatively recent phenomenon from an evolutionary perspective. Thus, this study indicates that admixture of Khoe-San groups with eastern African pastoralists occurred at least 1.2 kya (fig. 2020). 2020). A greater understanding of the genetic architecture can help explain differences in disease risk between populations. 2019; Bergstrm et al. (2017), who estimated that admixture between Bantu speakers and eastern African pastoralists occurred 800400 years ago, but are in agreement with 71% Bantu-related ancestry in an ancient Iron Age individual dated to 1,160 years ago from the Rift Valley in Kenya (Prendergast et al. Population structureSystematic differences in allele frequencies between subpopulations. In this section, we focused on the population history of two nomadic populations in the Sahel as they experienced the most admixture. (2022), respectively. Its bad genetics, my hormones do now allow me. Visual summary of key admixture events in Africa. During the Neolithization, North African populations admixed with European Neolithic groups. 3. The Author(s) 2023. This includes gene flow between different click-speaking Khoe-San populations, the stepwise spread of pastoralism from eastern to southern Africa, multiple migrations of Bantu speakers across the continent, as well as admixture from the Middle East and Europe into the Sahel region and North Africa. Furthermore, variants that are rare on a global level (<1% frequency) are more frequently found to be common in African populations, that is, there is an excess of variants exclusively found in Africans (Auton et al. Population bottleneckAn event that drastically reduces the effective size of a population, leading to increased genetic drift. Statistical release (P0302): mid-year population estimates 2021. 2 and 3), is available at GitHub: https://github.com/LachanceLab/AfricanPopulationStructure. Two admixture events involving a West African group and two different European groups dating to 1.8 kya and 300 years ago have been identified. (2021). HaplotypeA set of linked genetic variants that are coinherited. Wang K, Mathieson I, OConnell J, Schiffels S. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. 2023). East African genetics at work. - Bodybuilding.com Forums The sequencing of more ancient African genomes will likely reveal new complexities of human origins, although the tropical climate is complicating the analysis of ancient DNA in sub-Saharan Africa. 2017; Vicente, Jakobsson et al. 2015). 2009; Lachance et al. 2020). The selective pressure at this locus appears to be of regulatory nature as no nonsynonymous variant was found (Hsieh, Veeramah, et al. WebDiscover short videos related to east african genetics bodybuilding on TikTok. Using SpaceMix analyses, Vicente, Jakobsson et al. 2017; Batai et al. WebDiscover short videos related to middle east genetics body on TikTok. Changes in the widths of the arms represent qualitative changes in effective population sizes. Bodybuilding 2020). Consistent with the age of the Taforalt individuals, it was estimated that the Maghrebi component diverged from the Middle Eastern ancestral component 3818 kya, indicating back-to-Africa gene flow prior to the Holocene (>12 kya; fig. Given the high genetic affinity of a pastoralist individual who lived 4000 years ago in northern Sudan with ancient individuals from Kenya and Tanzania, it has been argued that this initial dispersal of northeastern pastoralists into East Africa occurred rapidly (Wang et al. It has been suggested that low levels of sex-biased gene flow with sedentary farmers caused the Fulani to lose mtDNA diversity (kov et al. Chen L, Wolf AB, Fu W, Li L, Akey JM. Note that we tried to refer to populations according to current naming conventions, and when we refer to admixture between specific populations, this does not necessarily imply the mixing of these exact populations, but rather the mixing of genetically similar populations. Iron AgeThe period of time during human prehistory when people began making tools from iron and steel, extending from 4 to 1.5 kya in Africa. For these reasons, studying more granular population structure in Africa, including potentially adapted genes, may increase our understanding of the genetics of complex traits (Chaichoompu et al. Supplementary methods are available online at Genome Biology and Evolution online. 2022). 2015; Mallick et al. (2017), Hollfelder et al. (2021). Im a 100% East African Somali and wanted to know my genetic potential for bodybuilding. These EAHG groups are more closely related to each other than to other African huntergatherer groups (Scheinfeldt et al. 2. 2020; Gopalan et al. Because of this, African populations have experienced a heterogeneous mix of selection pressures. 2016; Lopez et al. 2012; Choudhury et al. 2012) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) (Barbieri et al. 2022). WebThe dominance of East African distance runners and sprinters of West African origin invites discussion around the contribution of genetic and lifestyle factors to performance. Today, only a few traditional huntergatherer groups remain that live in small communities. ADMIXTURE plots are shown for K = 2 to K = 12. Note that the results of ADMIXTURE analysis are contingent on which populations are included, as well as their sample sizes. 2021). At the same time, however, it must be ensured that ethical guidelines and standards are obeyed to avoid unintended group harm. 2017; Wang et al. 2016; Montinaro et al. 2. Such studies may not only hold new insights about human origins but are also crucial for equitable biomedical research, with implications that possibly extend beyond Africa. 2017). 2017). WebThe genetic history of Egypt reflects its geographical location at the crossroads of several major biocultural areas: North Africa, the Sahara, the Middle East, the Mediterranean and sub-Saharan Africa.A 2017 DNA study found that Ancient Egyptians had a genetic profile similar to that of modern Egyptians and had a high affinity with the population of the 2017). 2018), whereas methods leveraging LD patterns yielded estimates <1 kya (Patin et al. Kulbila has the stats of a retro bodybuilder from the time of Frank Zane who was 59 and 185lbs in contest condition himself. Overall, recent genetic studies highlight the spatially and temporally complex dynamics of the Bantu expansion, with differential levels of admixture among sub-Saharan populations and multiple migration waves. Also will I make faster progress if i start hitting the gym consistently ? Genetic Limited sex-biased gene flow between the Fulani (and/or other sub-Saharan populations) and Arab nomadic pastoralists has been suggested, as more mtDNA than Y chromosomal haplogroup sharing was observed between the two groups, with most shared haplogroups being of sub-Saharan origin (kov et al. WebDiscover short videos related to eastafricanbody on TikTok. This work was supported by an NIGMS MIRA grant to J.L. 2017; Novkov et al. Training more diverse scientists and building research capacities on the African continent not only leads to better research but may also help to address the lack of diversity in study cohorts (Hindorff et al. Additional details about the deep population structure and the state of ancient DNA research in Africa can be found in reviews by Hollfelder et al. 2020; Matjuda et al. 2014; Macholdt et al. 2022). This study found that Tunisian Imazighen trace all their ancestry to an autochthonous North Africanthe so-called Maghrebiancestral component, whereas all Arab populations also have European-related, Middle Easternrelated, and/or sub-Saharanrelated ancestry (Henn et al. This is not the sort of environment that suits human muscle growth. However, the specific mutations conferring LP in Kenya (G-14010, rs145946881) and Sudan (G-13907, rs41525747) differ from LP mutations found in Northern Europe (T-13910, rs4988235) and the Middle East (G-13915, rs41380347) (Ranciaro et al. READ THE RULES BEFORE POSTING. (2016), Arauna et al. In this Each year, this tropical disease contributes to over 500,000 deaths in Africa, many of which involve children younger than 5 years of age (World Health Organization 2021). 2021). School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology. 2017; Vicente, Jakobsson, et al. This requires meaningful engagement of community stakeholders on ethical, legal, and social issues as well as the communication of results, to guarantee that the benefits outweigh the risks (Lemke et al. 2022). 4. 2016; Patin et al. 2019). 2016). (2020). We thank Mimi Holness for her helpful comments and suggestions. 2. A recent study of genome-wide genotype data from 327 individuals comprising 14 ethnolinguistic groups highlighted fine-scale population structure and admixture in the Sahel region that is mostly correlated with the geographical distribution of populations. In this review, we view population genetics through the lens of admixture, highlighting how multiple demographic events have shaped African genomes. 2020). Those results are scientifically proven with 400 trials in males. In contrast to the admixture in South Africa, seBSPs appeared to have replaced resident huntergatherer populations in Malawi and Mozambique with present-day individuals deriving 97% of their ancestry from the Bantu expansion (Skoglund et al. 2020; Chen et al. In addition, African populations harbor the greatest genetic diversity, exhibit the lowest levels of linkage disequilibrium (LD), have the largest long-term effective population sizes (Ne), and show the deepest split times of all human lineages (Tishkoff et al. 2019; Wohlers et al. Ancient Ethiopian genome reveals extensive Eurasian admixture in However, archeological and linguistic studies are largely unable to disentangle cultural diffusion from demic diffusion, that is, movements of people (Robertson and Bradley 2000; Diamond and Bellwood 2003). In our study, though only 1.3% of Afrikaner genes came from the Khoe-San, most Afrikaners contained some Khoe-San genes. 2022). 2012; Hsieh, Veeramah, et al. Nomadic pastoralists (i.e., the Fulani in the West and the Arabs in the East) maintain large numbers of cattle that require seasonal movements to pastures and water resources, whereas farming populations (e.g., the Hausa or Mandinka) are more sedentary. 2009; Auton et al. Best Genetics by Country Ranked 2022. serious (Official The SAC population represents >49% of the estimated 7 million inhabitants in this province, with the vast majority being historically Afrikaans speakers (a unique South African language ancestrally linked to Dutch), although this is more recently changing (Patterson et al. And I don't give a DAMN about your genetics, the bogus supplements you took in the past. A study done with east african genetics for bodybuilding shows that when they were sedentary for one month they grew an average of 11% in muscle mass. 2011; Pennarun et al. 2022). Furthermore, uniparental markers and X chromosomal and autosomal data suggest male-biased seBSPs contributions and female-biased Khoe-San contributions (Baji et al. 2014). Most of our knowledge about African population history is derived from archeological and linguistic studies, as Africa has long been neglected in genetic studies (Popejoy and Fullerton 2016; Martin et al. When measured, we saw that the East African men had larger muscles than the other countrymen. American and East Africans have the same height and weight but East Africans are the ones with much bigger muscles. These examples underline the importance of potential archaic admixture for African genomic medicine (Pereira et al. Despite what is described here, we have only provided an overview of admixture events in the course of major migratory events, for example, the expansion of Bantu speakers. 2011; Barbieri et al. Despite recent progress, African populations are still dramatically underrepresented in genetic studies, and more studies of African genetic variation and population structure are needed. WebRT @DRXIDAGXD: Only African christians in Africa were east Africans and not west Africans last time I checked a religious map and genetic studies shows Ethiopians are nowhere Spatial visualizations of admixture and migration in Africa. 2014; Macholdt et al. East Africans have different fat percentages compared to Europeans, Americans, and other countries. (2012) initially reported a clear genetic differentiation between Arabs and Imazighen. 2017; Serra-Vidal et al. 2023), suggesting that the short stature of RHG evolved through positive selection on several loci. The genetics of East African populations: a Nilo-Saharan 2013; Johnson et al. (2012), Mallick et al. Tackling the pangenome dilemma requires the concerted analysis of multiple population genetic processes, About the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution, Evidence of Archaic (Ghost) Introgression in Africa, Pervasive Admixture in Africa during the Past 10,000 Years, Evidence of Local Adaptation in African Genomes, Biomedical Implications of Population Structure in Africa, The Need for More Diversity in Genomic Research, supplementary methods and table S1, Supplementary Material, https://github.com/LachanceLab/AfricanPopulationStructure, Lucas-Snchez, Font-Porterias, et al. 2). In western Africa, wBSPs asymmetrically mixed with resident RHG groups, with RHG groups receiving higher amounts of gene flow from wBSPs (Jarvis et al. estimated that Khoe-San derive 3.8% (95% CI: 1.74.8%), Mbuti 3.9% (95% CI: 1.34.9%), and western African populations 5.8% (95% CI: 0.79.7%) of their ancestry from an archaic ghost lineage. 2020, 2022) or gene flow between southern African and central African foragers, as indicated by a distinct allele-sharing pattern between the !Xun/Ju|Hoan and Mbuti (Scheinfeldt et al. 2017). Do East Africans Really Have Bad Bodybuilding Genetics? However, evidence supporting additional admixture events with unknown archaic homininsthe so-called archaic ghost populationswithin Africa is also mounting (Lorente-Galdos et al. This could either suggest deep population structure with EAHG and southern huntergatherer groups tracing some of their ancestries to a basal central African RHG lineage (Lipson et al. 2016; Arauna et al. 2022). 2019; Lucas-Snchez, Font-Porterias, et al. [1] Databases [ edit] 2017; Skoglund et al. East Africans have a genetic mix of other countries that allows them to build muscle fast. Once In conjunction with archeological and linguistic studies, genetic studies of contemporary humans and ancient remains have painted a complex pattern of human history in Africa, as many African populations are connected by gene flow. 2023). At K = 2, African-like and European-like ancestry cluster separately, and at K = 3, a Khoe-San component appears. Together, these findings suggest that Bantu speakers first migrated South through the rainforest to Angola and subsequently to Zambia before splitting into two groups (fig. 2019; Scheinfeldt et al. For instance, Ragsdale et al. 2009; Schlebusch et al. 2014; Macholdt et al. 2023). Most contemporary African groups share some of their ancestries with groups from different geographic regions (fig. It has been shown that genetic and ancestry-related information plays a significant role in accurately determining appropriate dosage (Bress et al. 2023). However, the possibility of archaic ghost admixture is also supported by fossil records from across Africa, indicating that modern humans spatially and temporally overlapped with hominins exhibiting archaic features (Harvati et al. They differ in their amount of Neanderthal DNA as well The peoples of the Middle East: 'Peace panel' from the Sumerian city of Ur. The lack of diversity in study cohorts also extends to genomic scientists. 2014) suggested differentiation between Khoe-San populations living north and south of the Kalahari Desert, an area that was dominated by lake Makgadikgadi during prehistoric times (i.e., > 10 kya) (Goudie 2003). This difference in muscle mass is due to different genetic structures. 2014; Schlebusch et al. 2012). Because of this, the biomedical field benefits from an in-depth understanding of genomic variation in diverse populations (Rotimi and Jorde 2010). 2010; Daya et al. (2017). Note that these tests do not definitively establish admixture between specific populationsthe actual historical gene flow may have involved other related populations. 4D) (Henn et al. 2014; Gouveia et al. CLASS OF 2020 - Bellarmine College Preparatory Paleolithic (Old Stone Age)The period of time in human evolution when people initially started using stone tools, extending from 3.3 million years ago (Mya) to 12 kya. The timing of selection for LP appears to differ in Africa as well: Strong selection for LP in Maasai herders appears to have occurred more recently than selection for LP in Europe (Schlebusch et al. 2018; Lorente-Galdos et al. african genetics bodybuilding In formal admixture tests (f3-analysis), the Khomani (southern component) showed significant evidence of admixture with Taa populations (central), and the Ju|Hoan (northern) showed significant signs of admixture with the !Xun (northern) and the Naro (central). All these characteristics influence their muscle development, How to Reduce Face Fat by Exercise With Tips And Tricks, Does Running Make You Taller Full Guide 2023, Amla Benefits for Skin and Hair Many Problems One Solution, Why Am I So Sleepy In Winter 8 Reasons You Should Be Know, Hair Care Routine In Winter 14 Tips For Upgrading Your Hair Care, 7 Days Best Diet Plan For Weight Gain- For Men and Women, How East Africans Have Good Genetics for Muscle Building, 10 Ways How To Set And Achieve Fitness Goals For 2022. Neolithic (New Stone Age)The period of time when people began using more sophisticated stone tools, leading to the emergence of farming and herding, extending from 12 kya to 6.5 kya in Africa. Additional infectious diseases that have been major targets of selection in Africa include HIV-1, trypanosomiasis (i.e., African sleeping sickness), smallpox, and tuberculosis (Karlsson et al. 2013). 2012; Lachance et al. HoloceneThe current geological epoch that started after the Last Glacial Maximum 12 kya. 2014). 2012). African Bodybuilders Get So Jacked Without Take care!! This example illustrates that admixed African populations are a promising opportunity to better understand ancestry-specific disease risk compared with homogeneous populations (Patterson et al. Lastly, small amounts of admixture among Sahelian groups have been inferred from genome-wide markers (Fortes-Lima et al. 2022). 2013). The East African males genes seem to be adaptable and include a genetic code that responds quickly and efficiently to changing conditions. 2014; Ranciaro et al. 2014). In this review, we provide an overview of our current understanding of how admixturemostly during the last 10,000 yearshas shaped present-day population structure in Africa and how recent genetic studies complement linguistics and archeology in reconstructing the history of African populations. We start by putting genetic variation in Africa into a global context and giving a brief overview of population structure in Africa inferred from ancient and extant genomes, focusing on huntergatherer groups and deep population structure in the continent. Consequently, the Bantu expansion extensively contributed to population structure due to differential levels of admixture with and replacement of local huntergatherer groups over the past 3,500 years (Skoglund et al. 2018). 2021). Benchling. 2014; Schlebusch et al. 2017). 2019). Web1) Low Bench Press. 2010; Ongaro et al. 2015). This European-related ancestry was most likely indirectly introduced into the Fulani via admixture with a northern African population (e.g., a Mozabite-like population; fig. Whereas sedentary farmers are stratified based on geography but not linguistics, the opposite is true for western Fulani pastoralists (Novkov et al. This code appears to be responsible for allowing East Africans to increase their muscle mass. 2020). First, in northeastern Africa, admixture between a population related to contemporary Nilo-Saharan speakers (e.g., the Dinka or Nuer) and a population related to modern groups from northern Africa or the Levant created a group of early northeastern pastoralists. This group then migrated to eastern Africa and admixed with local foragers 4 kya, receiving 20% ancestry from a group related to a 4,500-year-old ancient individual from the Mota cave in Ethiopia that is genetically similar to the isolated, Afro-Asiaticspeaking Aari (Gallego Llorente et al. 2022). Gene flowThe movement of individuals and their genetic material from one population to another population. 2017; Novkov et al. Given the scope of this review paper, we cannot comprehensively review the evolutionary history of every population. 2017; Lopez et al. With the sequencing of genomes of archaic hominins, it has become evident that modern humans interbred with archaic hominins on multiple occasions in Eurasia (Green et al. 2022). 2022). 2020a; Lipson et al. Another example of adaptation to extreme conditions are RHG groups, who evolved a short stature (mean adult height <160cm). Genotype data from previously published studies were used to generate ADMIXTURE and FEEMS plots (Schlebusch et al. 2019). 2019; Priehodov et al. (2021) found that fine-scale genetic substructure among seBSPs in South Africa correlates well with geography and linguistics and persists even after accounting for differential levels of Khoe-San admixture. For example, a patient's comedications, age, genetic variation, and ancestry are commonly used in inferring the dosage of the anticoagulant warfarin. Overall, these findings demonstrate that recent admixture involved sex-biased gene flow. In contrast to eastern Arabic-speaking populations, western Fulani groups are the closest to western Africans but also show significant fractions of European-related and East Africanrelated ancestry (Henn et al. 2021). San Francisco Bay Area. This gene flow from wBSPs into RHGs was inferred to have occurred 7 kya using models of site-frequency spectra (Hsieh, Veeramah, et al. Generally, it is assumed that they have either merged into or were replaced by neighboring agropastoral groups, obscuring some of the ancestral genetic variation and structure (Pagani et al. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (, A long-standing hybrid population between Pacific and Atlantic herring in a subarctic fjord of Norway, The impact of modern admixture on archaic human ancestry in human populations, Horizontal transposon transfer and their ecological drivers: the case of flower-breeding Drosophila. 2012; Li et al. These estimates are in slight disagreement with the estimates of Skoglund et al. 2022). The Khoe-San are basal to all other human lineages with an estimated divergence time of 300200 kya (Schlebusch et al. 2020; Schlebusch et al. 3. (2021). Isolation-by-distance modelA theoretical framework explaining how genetic differentiation between populations increases with geographic distance due to spatially limited gene flow, that is, decreasing migration rate with increasing distance. 2018). Genetic influence on East African running success - ResearchGate Fine-mappingThe processes of refining the location of trait-associated variants in the genomic region of interest to identify likely causal variants based on association statistics and linkage disequilibrium patterns. 2020). Some of them still need a lot of physical and/or athletic skills. East African population has a very low food intake. 2012; Lachance et al. We then discuss how this population structure was shaped by archaic and recent admixture, moving from the deeper past to more recent times. Kenyans are ectomorphs, The present meta-analysis included 100 populations from 36 2020a). Choudhury A, Sengupta D, Ramsay M, Schlebusch C. Coelho M, Sequeira F, Luiselli D, Beleza S, Rocha J. Hamid I, Korunes KL, Beleza S, Goldberg A. 2015; Busby et al. In South Africa, seBSPs received between 1.5% (e.g., the Tsonga) and 20% (e.g., the Tswana) gene flow from Khoe-San groups during independent admixture events (Sengupta et al. 2017). 2021), indicating that male-biased admixture occurred. (2012), Mallick et al. 2014; Macholdt et al. Altogether, if the current underrepresentation of marginalized groups in genomic research is not corrected, existing inequities are likely to be exacerbated. Code used to generate this figure can be found at GitHub: https://github.com/LachanceLab/AfricanPopulationStructure. IntrogressionThe interbreeding of individuals from two or more populations that were isolated for a long evolutionary time but are not yet reproductively isolated. 2012). 2019; Wang et al. Although modern humanNeanderthal interbreeding most likely occurred in Eurasia after the OOA migration (possibly in the Levant) (Lazaridis et al. Regulatory DNA appears to be a frequent target of adaptation in African genomes (Quiver and Lachance 2022). 2019; Fatumo et al. 2019). (D) Repetitive gene flow from the Middle East/Europe and sub-Saharan Africa into Northern African populations. 2014; Fan et al. 2017; DAtanasio et al. Subsequent studies of genome-wide data that included more Imazighen populations confirmed that most Arab and Imazighen populations are weakly genetically differentiated (Arauna et al. Thanks for every other informative website. 2019; Naidoo et al. Approximately 5,000-year-old Early Neolithic individuals from Ifri nAmr or Moussa, Morocco, show high genetic affinity to the Taforalt individuals, suggesting population continuity between the Paleolithic and Early Neolithic (Fregel et al. 4C; Shriner and Rotimi 2018a). 2014; Choudhury et al. 2014; Lipson et al. 2022; Fan et al. Hammer MF, Woerner AE, Mendez FL, Watkins JC, Wall JD. 2022) as well as mtDNA and Y haplogroups (kov et al. Effective population size (Ne)The number of breeding individuals in an idealized randomly mating population. 2013; Petersen et al. However, the choice of reference populations for multiway admixed populations may be sensitive and critical in biomedical research (Chimusa et al.

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