what were the lasting effects of the crusades quizlet

For willing knights there was also the chance to win booty, lands, and perhaps even a title. Seeing the Seljuk control of Jerusalem as a means to tempt European leaders into action, Alexios appealed to the west in the spring of 1095 CE to help kick the Seljuks out of not just the Holy Land but also all those parts of the Byzantine Empire they had conquered. In September 1191, Richards forces defeated those of Saladin in the battle of Arsuf, which would be the only true battle of the Third Crusade. Corrections? (10) 19th-century engraving of a victorious Saladin on horseback. The Second Crusade was headed by King Louis VII of France and Emperor Conrad III of Germany. The other side of the cultural coin was an increase in xenophobia. By the 11th century CE society in medieval Europe had become increasingly militarised. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. The ruthless and widespread massacre of Muslims, Jews and other non-Christians resulted in bitter resentment that persisted for many years. There were also smaller Crusades against dissident Christian sects within Europe, including the Albigensian Crusade (120929). Omissions? What is the long term effect of the Crusades? , Cite this page as: Dr. Susanna Throop, "The impact of the crusades," in, Not your grandfathers art history: a BIPOC Reader, Reframing Art History, a new kind of textbook, Guide to AP Art History vol. In 1229, in what became known as the Sixth Crusade, Emperor Frederick II achieved the peaceful transfer of Jerusalem to Crusader control through negotiation with al-Kamil. One of the most important effects of the crusades was on commerce. The reaction in the Middle East and Europe was sharp and immediate: Commentators in both regions decried Bush's use of that termand vowed that the terrorist attacks and America's reaction would not turn into a new clash of civilizations like the medieval Crusades. She has taught at the high school and university levels in the U.S. and South Korea. Technically, crusaders were volunteers but one can imagine that staying at home to tend the castle fireplace while one's lord and benefactor rode off to the Middle East was not a practical option for knights in service. The impact of the Crusades may thus be summarised in general terms as: an increased presence of Christians in the Levant during the Middle Ages. One of the many effects of the Crusades was that the pope and the kings of Western Europe became more powerful. The First Crusade and the establishment of the Latin states, The Fourth Crusade and the Latin empire of Constantinople, The Teutonic Knights and the Baltic Crusades, https://www.britannica.com/event/Crusades, Ancient Origins - The Crusades Beyond the Battlefield, History Today - The Crusades: A Complete History, Crusades - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Crusades - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). Please select which sections you would like to print: Professor of History, New York University, New York City, 195472. Mark is a full-time author, researcher, historian, and editor. Please note that some of these recommendations are listed under our old name, Ancient History Encyclopedia. World History Publishing is a non-profit company registered in the United Kingdom. Led by two great rulers, King Louis VII of France and King Conrad III of Germany, the Second Crusade began in 1147. Thus the relevance of chivalry as motivation to join the First Crusade is perhaps more to do with the importance of being seen to do what was expected of one by one's peers, and only in later crusades would its moral aspects become more prominent and the message fuelled by songs and poems of daring crusader deeds. 3 (#99152), Dr. Elena FitzPatrick Sifford on casta paintings, A new pictorial language: the image in early medieval art, A Global Middle Ages through the Pages of Decorated Books, Travel, trade and exploration in the Middle Ages, Musical imagery in the Global Middle Ages, Coming Out: Queer Erasure and Censorship from the Middle Ages to Modernity, The Buddhas long journey to Europe and Africa, The lives of Christ and the Virgin in Byzantine art, The life of Christ in medieval and Renaissance art, Visions of Paradise in a Global Middle Ages, Written in the Stars: Astronomy and Astrology in Medieval Manuscripts, Parchment (the good, the bad, and the ugly), Words, words, words: medieval handwriting, Making books for profit in medieval times, Medieval books in leather (and other materials), The medieval origins of the modern footnote, An Introduction to the Bestiary, Book of Beasts in the Medieval World, Early Christian art and architecture after Constantine, About the chronological periods of the Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Iconoclasm and the Triumph of Orthodoxy, Early Byzantine architecture after Constantine, Innovative architecture in the age of Justinian, SantApollinare in Classe, Ravenna (Italy), Empress Theodora, rhetoric, and Byzantine primary sources, Art and architecture of Saint Catherines Monastery at Mount Sinai, Byzantine Mosaic of a Personification, Ktisis, The Byzantine Fieschi Morgan cross reliquary, Cross-cultural artistic interaction in the Early Byzantine period, Regional variations in Middle Byzantine architecture, Middle Byzantine secular architecture and urban planning, A work in progress: Middle Byzantine mosaics in Hagia Sophia, Mosaics and microcosm: the monasteries of Hosios Loukas, Nea Moni, and Daphni, Byzantine frescoes at Saint Panteleimon, Nerezi, Book illumination in the Eastern Mediterranean, A Byzantine vision of Paradise The Harbaville Triptych, Cross-cultural artistic interaction in the Middle Byzantine period, Basilica of Santa Maria Assunta, Torcello, Mobility and reuse: the Romanos chalices and the chalice with hares, Byzantium, Kyivan Rus, and their contested legacies, Plunder, War, and the Horses of San Marco, Byzantine architecture and the Fourth Crusade, Late Byzantine secular architecture and urban planning, Picturing salvation Choras brilliant Byzantine mosaics and frescoes, Charlemagne (part 1 of 2): An introduction, Charlemagne (part 2 of 2): The Carolingian revival, Matthew in the Coronation Gospels and Ebbo Gospels, Depicting Judaism in a medieval Christian ivory, Bronze doors, Saint Michaels, Hildesheim (Germany), Pilgrimage routes and the cult of the relic, Church and Reliquary of Sainte-Foy, France, Pentecost and Mission to the Apostles Tympanum, Basilica Ste-Madeleine, Vzelay (France), Manuscript production in the abbeys of Normandy, The Romanesque churches of Tuscany: San Miniato in Florence and Pisa Cathedral, The Art of Conquest in England and Normandy, The Second Norman Conquest | Lanfrancs Reforms, The English castle: dominating the landscape, Motte and Bailey Castles and the Norman Conquest | Windsor Castle Case Study, Historiated capitals, Church of Sant Miquel, Camarasa, The Painted Apse of Sant Climent, Tall, with Christ in Majesty, Plaque with the Journey to Emmaus and Noli Me Tangere, Conservation: Cast of the Prtico de la Gloria, Cecily Brown on medieval sculptures of the Madonna and Child, Birth of the Gothic: Abbot Suger and the ambulatory at St. Denis, Saint Louis Bible (Moralized Bible or Bible moralise), Christs Side Wound and Instruments of the Passion from the Prayer Book of Bonne of Luxembourg, Ivory casket with scenes from medieval romances, Four styles of English medieval architecture at Ely Cathedral, Matthew Pariss itinerary maps from London to Palestine, The Crucifixion, c. 1200 (from Christus triumphans to Christus patiens), Hiding the divine in a medieval Madonna: Shrine of the Virgin, Porta Sant'Alipio Mosaic, Basilica San Marco, Venice, Spanish Gothic cathedrals, an introduction, Dr. Ariel Fein, Material culture of the Crusades,, https://smarthistory.org/the-impact-of-the-crusades-4-of-4/. Although the clergy certainly used the tools of propaganda available to them and delivered recruitment sermons across Europe, the fact that Muslims were virtually unknown to their audience meant that any demonisation had little value. Those who joined the armed pilgrimage wore a cross as a symbol of the Church. The idea of sin was especially prevalent & so Pope Urban II's promise of immunity from its consequences would have appealed to many. "The Crusades: Consequences & Effects." "Let's go take back land from the Muslims." Pope Urban II. World History Encyclopedia. Alexios could not stop the Seljuks though, and he had only himself to blame for his territorial losses as it was he who had weakened the military provinces (themes) in Asia Minor. The First Crusade lasted from 1096 to 1099. the souring of relations between the West and the. Instead, he had bolstered the garrisons of Constantinople. the use of a religious historical precedent to justify colonialism, warfare and terrorism. The Crusades were a series of military campaigns organised by Christian powers in order to retake Jerusalem and the Holy Land back from Muslim control. In addition, many knights followed their fathers or brothers as ties of kinship and mutual protection were strong. Bibliography Their objectives were to check the spread of Islam, to retake control of the Holy Land in the eastern Mediterranean, to conquer pagan areas, and to recapture formerly Christian territories; they were seen by many of their participants as a means of redemption and expiation for sins. The most well-known Crusades took place between 1095 . 5, 2023, thoughtco.com/crusades-effect-on-middle-east-195596. For their defence, a steady supply of new crusaders would be needed in the coming decades and military orders of professional knights were created there such as the Knights Templar and Knights Hospitaller. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.org. The Empire became so debilitated it could offer little resistance to the Ottoman Turks in 1453 CE. Were there lasting results from the Crusades? In March 2003, the U.S. and other Western forces invaded Iraq over claims that President Saddam Hussein's military was in possession of weapons of mass destruction. One effect of the Crusades was the creation of a new hero for the Islamic world: Saladin, the Kurdish sultan of Syria and Egypt, who in 1187 freed Jerusalem from the Christians but refused to massacre them as the Christians had done to the city's Muslim and Jewish citizens 90 years previously. One effect of this new focus was numerous outbreaks of anti-Semitic violence in Europe; many crusaders attacked Jewish communities in Europe while the crusaders were on their way to the Holy Land, and anti-Jewish laws were enacted by many kings and lords inspired by the fervent, intolerant new brand of Christian identity arising from the Crusades. By the end of the 11th century, Western Europe had emerged as a significant power in its own right, though it still lagged behind other Mediterranean civilizations, such as the Byzantine Empire (formerly the eastern half of the Roman Empire) and the Islamic Empire of the Middle East and North Africa. They also brought back new ideasmedical knowledge, scientific ideas, and more enlightened attitudes about people of other religious backgrounds. Updates? The initial goal was to aid the remaining Crusader states in Syria, but the mission was redirected to Tunis, where Louis died. Although we can never know exactly the thoughts or motivation of individuals, the general reasons why the crusading ideal was promoted and acted upon can be summarised according to the following key leaders and social groups: The Byzantine Empire had long been in control of Jerusalem and other sites holy to Christians but, in the latter decades of the 11th century CE, they lost them dramatically to the Seljuks, a Turkish tribe of the steppe. Though relations between Christians in the East and those in the West had long been fractious, Alexiuss request came at a time when the situation was improving. World History Encyclopedia. ThoughtCo, Apr. However, with each new failed campaign, papal prestige declined, although in Spain and north-east Europe the territorial successes did promote the Papacy. In 1260, Mamluk forces in Palestine managed to halt the advance of the Mongols, an invading force led by Genghis Khan and his descendants, which had emerged as a potential ally for the Christians in the region. Our latest articles delivered to your inbox, once a week: Our mission is to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. HISTORY.com works with a wide range of writers and editors to create accurate and informative content. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included. The Crusades was organized in 1095 by Western Europeans Christians that caused a series of religious wars between Christians and Muslims primarily to secure control of the Holy Lands. Dr. Kallie Szczepanski is a history teacher specializing in Asian history and culture. (Riley-Smith, 18). The Crusades were a series of religious wars between Christians and Muslims started primarily to secure control of holy sites considered sacred by both groups. This marked the beginning of the Crusades. The Sack of Constantinople in 1204 CEPalma Le Jeune (Public Domain). First, the city-states of northern Italy, especially Venice, Genoa, and Pisa, grew rich transporting goods and crusaders back and forth between Europe and the Middle East. World History Encyclopedia. 25 terms. The movement helped both to militarize the medieval western Church and to sustain criticism of that militarization. Edward I of England took on another expedition in 1271. And over the course of this 200 years, you have this religious fervor where the Pope is organizing these Crusades. The power of the royal houses of Europe and the centralisation of government increased thanks to an increase in taxes, the acquisition of wealth in the Middle East, and the imposition of tariffs on trade. They even captured the Byzantine emperor Romanos IV Diogenes (r. 1068-1071 CE), and although he was released for a massive ransom, the emperor also had to hand over the important cities of Edessa, Hieropolis, and Antioch. License. Now a big theme in the Crusades was the power of the Pope. Remember, the Crusades were started by a Pope working people up, saying, "Hey, let's go help the Byzantines. A less organized band of knights and commoners known as the Peoples Crusade set off before the others under the command of a popular preacher known as Peter the Hermit. We contribute a share of our revenue to remove carbon from the atmosphere and we offset our team's carbon footprint. By the 14th century the Ottoman Turks had established themselves in the Balkans and would penetrate deeper into Europe despite repeated efforts to repulse them. Between 1095, when the First Crusade was launched, and 1291, when the Latin Christians were finally expelled from their kingdom in Syria, there were numerous expeditions to the Holy Land, to Spain, and even to the Baltic; the Crusades continued for several centuries after 1291. In September 1192, Richard and Saladin signed a peace treaty that reestablished the Kingdom of Jerusalem (though without the city of Jerusalem) and ended the Third Crusade. They learned about a number of new things that were otherwise unknown to them. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Short Term Effects, Short Term Effects, Long Term Effects and more. Urban II was again disposed to assistance four years later for various reasons. The Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike, an increased presence of Christians in the. Prussia and the Baltic (the Northern Crusades), North Africa, and Poland, amongst many other places, would also witness crusading armies from the 12th up to the 15th century CE as the crusading ideal, despite the dubious military successes, continued to appeal to leaders, soldiers, and ordinary people in the West. Had the Mamluks not defeated the Mongols in the Battle of Ayn Jalut (1260), the entire Muslim world might have fallen. Mark is a full-time author, researcher, historian, and editor. Muslims were the enemy because they had taken Christian holy sites, not directly because they were Muslims. One effect of the Crusades was the creation of a new hero for the Islamic world: Saladin, the Kurdish sultan of Syria and Egypt, who in 1187 freed Jerusalem from the Christians but refused to massacre them as the Christians had done to the city's Muslim and Jewish citizens 90 years previously. On the whole, the Crusades had little immediate effect on the Middle East in terms of territorial losses or psychological impact. Submitted by Mark Cartwright, published on 04 July 2018. The U.S. entered Afghanistan about a month after the 9/11 attacks to battle the Taliban and al-Qaeda terrorists, which was followed by years of fighting between U.S. and coalition forces and terror groups and insurgents in Afghanistan and elsewhere. There was, too, the idea of chivalry - that a knight should 'do the right thing' and protect not only the interests of their church and god but also those of the weak and oppressed. The Crusader mentality was extremely violent. It is important to remember that the Crusades. There were at least eight Crusades. When the four main armies of Crusaders arrived in Constantinople, Alexius insisted that their leaders swear an oath of loyalty to him and recognize his authority over any land regained from the Turks, as well as any other territory they might conquer. We want people all over the world to learn about history. They believed they were fighting for god and all sins would be forgiven and defend the Byzantine Empire from the Turks. License. Thus, going forward, European Christianity itself became harsher, more intolerant, and more warlike because of the Crusades. In 1291, one of the only remaining Crusader cities, Acre, fell to the Muslim Mamluks. The violent and often ruthless conflicts propelled the status of European Christians, making them major players in the fight for land in the Middle East. We care about our planet! The Return of the CrusaderKarl Friedrich Lessing (Public Domain). Ignoring Alexius advice to wait for the rest of the Crusaders, Peters army crossed the Bosporus Strait in early August. the appropriation of many Christian relics to Europe. In Europe, a long-term effect of the Crusades was answer choices the strengthening of the feudal system the adoption of Islamic religious practices an increased demand for goods from the East increased European isolation Question 8 30 seconds Q. World History Encyclopedia is a non-profit organization. During the First Crusade, for example, adherents of the two religions joined together to defend the cities of Antioch (1097 CE) and Jerusalem (1099) from European Crusaders who laid siege to them. Naturally, increased trade led to increased cultural diffusion. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Web. He holds an MA in Political Philosophy and is the WHE Publishing Director. The Crusades set the stage for several religious knightly military orders, including the Knights Templar, the Teutonic Knights, and the Hospitallers. We care about our planet! News of Edessas fall stunned Europe and caused Christian authorities in the West to call for another Crusade. Each campaign met with varying successes and failures but, ultimately, the wider objective of keeping Jerusalem and the Holy Land in Christian hands failed. Between 1095 and 1291, Christians from western Europe launched a series of eight major invasions against the Middle East. Although it was called the Childrens Crusade, most historians dont regard it as an actual crusade, and many experts question whether the group was really comprised of children. After Louis and Conrad managed to assemble their armies at Jerusalem, they decided to attack the Syrian stronghold of Damascus with an army of some 50,000 (the largest Crusader force yet). the specific application of religious goals to. Why the Crusades happened at all is a complex question with multiple answers. Any attempt to pinpoint the effect of this movement is fraught with difficulty, because it demands the tracing and isolation of one single thread within the weave of history - and the hypothetical reconstruction of the world, were that strand to be removed. Today, the Crusades constitute a major grievance for some people in the Middle East, when they consider relations with Europe and the West. These, in turn, inspired the formation of chivalric orders like the Order of the Garter in England (founded 1348 CE) which advocated the benefits of crusading on their members. The Roman Catholic Church experienced an increase in wealth, and the power of the Pope was elevated during the Crusades. That is if one could not or did not want to go on a crusade in person, giving material aid to others who did so reaped the same spiritual benefits. Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1249/the-crusades-causes--goals/. The costly, violent and often ruthless conflicts enhanced the status of European Christians, making them major players in the fight for land in the Middle East. Sign up for our free weekly email newsletter! 01 May 2023. If anything, the success of the First Crusade and the recapture of Jerusalem on 15 July 1099 CE only inspired more people to 'take the cross'. The idea of sin was especially prevalent and so Urban II's promise of immunity from its consequences would have appealed to many. Trade between East and West greatly increased. Hernn Corts, the conqueror of the Aztecs, claimed his followers were milites Christi or 'Knights of Christ' waging a guerra santa or 'Holy War'. Leaders of the Third Crusade included the Holy Roman emperor Frederick Barbarossa, Phillip II Augustus of France, and especially Richard I (Richard the Lionheart) of England. https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1249/the-crusades-causes--goals/. Knights, even kings and princes, too, joined the crusades for religious principles, a reward in the afterlife perhaps or the pure ideal that Christians and Christian sites must be protected from the infidel. It cannot be stressed often enough that crusades were arduous, disorientating, frightening, dangerous, and expensive for participants, and the continuing enthusiasm for them displayed over the centuries is not easy to explain. From the recaptured city of Jaffa, Richard reestablished Christian control over some of the region and approached Jerusalem, though he refused to lay siege to the city. The First Crusade was successful enough that European leaders were able to scratch out kingdoms which included such cities as Jerusalem, Acre, Bethlehem, and Antioch.After that, though, everything went downhill. Szczepanski, Kallie. The emperor had also been doubtful of the loyalty of his Norman mercenaries, given the Norman control of Sicily and recent attacks in Byzantine Greece. Finally, the crusades as an idea would have reached just about everyone in Europe by the 14th century CE, and the majority of people would have sat through at least one sermon preaching their merits and heard the need for recruitment and material support. Further, merchants could make a handsome profit from ferrying crusaders across the Mediterranean. The message, known as the Indulgence and aimed specifically at knights, was loud and clear: those who defended Christendom would be embarking on a pilgrimage, all their sins would be washed away and their souls would reap untold rewards in the next life. 2023, A&E Television Networks, LLC. The fervour did not dissipate either. In November 1095, at the Council of Clermont in southern France, the Pope called on Western Christians to take up arms to aid the Byzantines and recapture the Holy Land from Muslim control. Upon Shirkuhs subsequent death, Saladin assumed control and began a campaign of conquests that accelerated after Nur al-Dins death in 1174. The Seventh Crusade began in 1248 and ended in 1254. Guarded by formidable castles, the Crusader states retained the upper hand in the region until around 1130, when Muslim forces began gaining ground in their own holy war (or jihad) against the Christians, whom they called Franks.. This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. "The Crusades: Consequences & Effects." From 1248 to 1254, Louis IX of France organized a crusade against Egypt. A crusade would increase the prestige of the papacy, as it led a combined western army, and consolidate its position in Italy itself, having experienced serious threats from the Holy Roman Emperors in the previous century which had even forced the popes to relocate away from Rome. The Crusades were organized by western European Christians after centuries of Muslim wars of expansion. The products of Damascus, Mosul, Alexandria, Cairo, and other great cities were carried . Urban II also hoped to reunite the Western (Catholic) and Eastern (Orthodox) Christian churches, with himself at its head, above the Patriarch of Constantinople. In Europe, The Crusades led economic expansion, many crusaders were fascinated by the luxury goods they found in the middle east. Peasants benefited from a higher demand on their products and from the availability of real estate. Some rulers, most famously Saladin, Sultan of Egypt and Syria (r. 1174-1193 CE), did employ the propaganda of religious warfare to present themselves as the chosen leader of the Muslim world to help them gain supremacy within it. Despite the religious significance of Jerusalem to Muslims, the coastal Levant area was only of minor economic and political importance to the caliphates of Egypt, Syria, and Mesopotamia. The Crusades were a series of religious wars between Christians and Muslims started primarily to secure control of holy sites considered sacred by both groups. Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1273/the-crusades-consequences--effects/. Merchants, although not so involved in the First Crusade, certainly became more involved from 1200 CE as they wanted to open up trade routes with the East, even to control such prosperous trade centres as Antioch and Jerusalem. Which statement best describes the result of the Crusades? an increase in the power of the royal houses of Europe. Monasteries were on hand to arrange loans for this who struggled to meet the initial costs. Help us and translate this article into another language! Last modified October 09, 2018. The Crusader states extended trade with the Muslim world, bringing new tastes and foods to Europe. These weren't even military deaths, as most of those who died in the Crusades were likely civilians. The Third Crusade, called after the sultan Saladin conquered the Crusader state of Jerusalem, resulted in the capture of Cyprus and the successful siege of Acre (now in Israel), and Richard Is forces defeated those of Saladin at the Battle of Arsf and at Jaffa. Cotton cloth, Persian carpets, and eastern clothing came, too. Travel became more common, initially in the form of pilgrimage to the Holy Land & there developed a thirst to read about such journeys which were widely published. "The Crusades: Causes & Goals." The Crusades sparked a wave of economic growth throughout Europe, resulting in a decline in serfdom and the rise of prosperous northern Italian towns. In an immediate sense, the Crusades had a terrible effect on some of the Muslim and Jewish inhabitants of the Middle East. One of the most important effects of the crusades was on commerce. (2023, April 5). In May 1097, the Crusaders and their Byzantine allies attacked Nicea (now Iznik, Turkey), the Seljuk capital in Anatolia. The movement never reached the Holy Land. World History Encyclopedia. Please support World History Encyclopedia. As Europe asserted itself during the 15th through 19th centuries, it forced the Islamic world into a secondary position, sparking envy and reactionary conservatism in some sectors of the formerly more progressive Middle East. None of the following Crusades were successful. Embassies and letters were dispatched to all parts of Christendom. The Italian trading states of Venice, Pisa, and Genoa, as well as Marseille in France, were particular rivals, and each was eager to gain a monopoly on east-west trade. Outrage over these defeats inspired the Third Crusade, led by rulers such as the aging Emperor Frederick Barbarossa (who was drowned at Anatolia before his entire army reached Syria), King Philip II of France, and King Richard I of England (known as Richard the Lionheart). World History Encyclopedia is a non-profit organization. . Some positive impacts were felt in Italy; although they had been trading with the East prior to the Crusades, they essentially dominated the entire Mediterranean by the end of them. As the historian J. Riley-Smith notes: It cannot be stressed often enough that crusades were arduous, disorientating, frightening, dangerous, and expensive for participants, and the continuing enthusiasm for them displayed over the centuries is not easy to explain. Travel became more common, initially in the form of pilgrimage to the Holy Land and there also developed a thirst to read about such journeys which were widely published. : Bible History Daily. The crusades of the 11th to 15th century CE have become one of the defining events of the Middle Ages in both Europe and the Middle East. Pope Urbans plea was met with a tremendous response, both among the military elite as well as ordinary citizens. the increased role and prestige of the popes and the Catholic Church in secular affairs. Many historians believe this defeat marked the end of the Crusader States and the Crusades themselves. It arguably helped solidify the pope's control over the Church and made certain financial . The crusader movement spread to Spain where, in the 11th-13th century CE, attacks were made against the Muslim Moors there, the so-called Reconquista (Reconquest).

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