richard hakluyt reasons for colonization

Jan has taught history at the university level. For the full article, see Richard Hakluyt . Corrections? Create an account to start this course today. In 1588 Hakluyt finally returned to England with Douglas Sheffield, Baroness Sheffield, after a residence in France of nearly five years. That the Queen of England title to all the west Indies, or at the least to as much as is from Florida to the Circle arctic, is more lawful and right then the Spaniards or any other Christian Princes. The possibility of the enlarging of the dominions of the Queens Most Excellent Majesty, and consequently of her honour, revenues, and of her power by this enterprise. in history, and a doctoral degree in interdisciplinary studies with a focus on early modern Scotland. When Richard Hakluyt was forty years old, he sat one day in his study in London with a walrus tusk in his hands. Richard Hakluyt's Reasons for Colonization. [10] By the time of his death, he had amassed a small fortune out of his various emoluments and preferments, of which the last was the clergy house of Gedney, Lincolnshire, presented to him by his younger brother Oliver in 1612. An edition was published by the Hakluyt Society in the 19th century as, Charter of the Virginia Company of London, Vice-Admiral Bethune (Charles Ramsay Drinkwater Bethune), "The Free Sea. I feel like its a lifeline. Hakluyt was concerned with the activities of Sir Humphrey Gilbert and Martin Frobisher, who were both searching for a passage to the East; was consulting Abraham Ortelius, compiler of the worlds first atlas, and Gerardus Mercator, the Flemish mapmaker, on cosmographical problems; and was gaining approval for future overseas exploration from such politically prominent men as Lord Burghley, Sir Francis Walsingham, and Sir Robert Cecil. They'd also need to provide for the numerous unemployed who filled the streets of cities such as London. Therefore, the natives and Indians are mere tools, passive objects, or pawns constructed to be used and manipulated via protestant religions in order to serve the interests of the English people. Reasons for Colonization 1. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. She is also a writer of historical fiction. List his reasons for supporting colonization. Besides, he believes that colonization should entail friendship or familiarity. The year was 1591 or 1592. on 27 June 1577,[5][10] began giving public lectures in geography. "[21], Hakluyt prepared an English translation of Dutch jurist Hugo Grotius' Mare Liberum (1609),[22] a treatise that sought to demonstrate that the Dutch had the right to trade freely in the East Indies, contrary to Spanish and Portuguese claims of sovereignty over the seas,[23] in the early 17th century. "Richard Hakluyt contributed more to English letters, and has had more effect on English writing, than any other man who ever lived, with the possible exception of Shakespeare." He has recently obtained a PhD in contemporary European history. [28] Others, consisting chiefly of notes gathered from contemporary authors, are preserved at the University of Oxford. According to Hakluyt, Spain has transformed into the other enemy that must be defeated in the process of creating the New World. The same year, his edition of Peter Martyr d'Anghiera's De Orbe Nouo Decades Octo saw the light at Paris. In twenty-one chapters, summarized here, Hakluyt emphasized the many benefits that England would receive by creating colonies in the Americas. While in Oxford, Hakluyt worked with foremost geographers such as Abraham Ortelius and Gerardus Mercator. He spoke possibly four languages (including Greek, Latin, French and Italian), and his love of geography, many scholars say, was influenced by a large map he saw as a child. What is the importance of religion in Hakluyts case for colonization? Have you ever read travel books that made you want to explore a brand new place or even go to another planet? Knowing so many languages helped him to read all types of works that recorded the adventures of travelers. That this enterprise will be for the manifold employment of numbers of idle men, and for breeding of many sufficient, and for utterance of the great quantity of the commodities of our Realm. He died in 1557 when his son was aged about five years, and his wife Margery[1] followed soon after. We utilize security vendors that protect and English Colonization of America in Hakluyt's View. That this western voyage will yield unto us all the commodities of Europe, Africa, and Asia, as far as we were wont to travel, and supply the wants of all our decayed trades. Hakluyt's patrilineal ancestors were of Welsh extraction, rather than Dutch as is often suggested;[2] they appear to have settled in Herefordshire in England around the 13th century, and, according to antiquary John Leland, took their surname from the "Forest of Cluid in Radnorland. What special means may bring kinge Phillippe from his high Throne, and make him equal to the Princes his neighbours, wherewithal is showed his weakness in the west Indies. IV ("The Literature of the Sea") of vol. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. In 1589 he published the first edition of his chief work, The Principall Navigations, Voiages and Discoveries of the English Nation, using eyewitness accounts as far as possible. An answer to the Bull of the Donation of all the west Indies granted to the kings of Spain by Pope Alexander the VI who was himself a Spaniard borne. IvyPanda. Richard Hakluyt, (born c. 1552, London, Eng. While at one point he petitioned for and received a grant to travel to America he did not, in the end, leave England. An ordained priest, Hakluyt held important positions at Bristol Cathedral and Westminster Abbey and was personal chaplain to Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury, principal Secretary of State to Elizabeth I and James I. This will ensure the distribution of people, thereby reducing overpopulation and its subsequent effects. Many of these reasons have to do with England's competition with other European countrieschiefly Spain, which had become rich and powerful from the silver it extracted from its colonies in Mexico and Peru. Author of. ?died Nov. 23, 1616, England), British geographer. He died on November 23, 1616. Richard Hakluyt's Inducements to the Liking of the Voyage Intended towards Virginia, 1585"> the "excellent and fertile soile" on both sides of north america 's "greate and deep" natural waterways promised "all things that the life of man doth require," and whatever settlers wanted to plant they could expect to harvest in abundance sufficient to "trafficke in." Slavery and Freedom: The American Paradox, Europeans and Natives in British and Spanish America, The Hemispheres Adaptability to Function Independently, Solar System Colonization in Science Fiction vs. His will refers to chambers occupied by him there up to the time of his death, and in another official document he is styled Doctor of Divinity (D.D.). Because of these connections, and his own expertise in overseas trade and economics, the man was well placed to assist young Richard in his life work. 828829. The private character of the memorial, which was not to be seen by the general eye, permitted Hakluyt to state freely the case for a colonial policy. A note of some things to be prepared for the voyage which is set down rather to draw the takers of the voyage in hande to the present consideration then for any other reason for that diverse things require preparation long before the voyage, without which the voyage is maimed. Firstly, his geographical studies were useful to merchants and explorers as guides to America. Richard Hakluyt, A Discourse Concerning Western Planting, Written in the Year 1584, Charles Deane, ed. 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That hereby the Revenues and customs of her Majestie both outwards and inwards shall mightely be enlarged by the toll, excises, and other duties which without oppression may be raised. When the colony was at last established in 1607, he supplied this benefice with its chaplain, Robert Hunt. [14], Hakluyt was also a leading adventurer of the Charter of the Virginia Company of London as a director thereof in 1589. In Paris, Hakluyt also edited an edition of the De Orbe Novo of Pietro Martire dAnghiera so that his countrymen might have knowledge of the early successes and failures of the Spaniards in the New World. Gerhard Mercator (1512-1594), a Belgian cartographer (mapmaker), created a more accurate map that was especially useful for ocean navigators. [10][19] In the following year, he was elected archdeacon of the Abbey. That this voyage will be a great bridle to the Indies of the king of Spaine and a means that we may arrest at our pleasure for the space of time weeks or three months every year, one or two hundred sail of his subjects shipped at the fishing in Newfoundland. The most comprehensive portrait yet of Richard Hakluyt, indefatigable promoter of English colonization in America Richard Hakluyt the younger, a contemporary of William Shakespeare, advocated the creation of English colonies in the New World at a time when the advantages of this idea were far from self-evident. Furthermore, fur, already exploited by the French, was another good reason for England to colonize. Richard Hakluyt, a remarkable clergyman-scholar-geographer who lies buried in Westminster Abby, deserves high rank among the indirect founding fathers of the United States. . Means to keep this enterprise from overthrow and the enterprisers from shame and dishonor. [14] A number of his manuscripts, sufficient to form a fourth volume of his collections of 15981600, fell into the hands of Samuel Purchas, who inserted them in an abridged form in his Pilgrimes (16251626). Create your account. What made them exciting? [10], While a Queen's Scholar at Westminster School, Hakluyt visited his guardian, whose conversation, illustrated by "certain bookes of cosmographie, an universall mappe, and the Bible," made Hakluyt resolve to "prosecute that knowledge, and kind of literature. How does Hakluyt depict indigenous peoples? His knowledge kept England abreast of events and journeys being undertaken by other foreign powers. That this action will be greatly for the increase, maintenance and safety of our Navy, and especially of great shipping which is the strength of our Realm, and for the supportation of all those occupations that depend upon the same. [10] In May 1585 when Hakluyt was in Paris with the English Embassy, the Queen granted to him the next prebendary at Bristol Cathedral that should become vacant,[5][15] to which he was admitted in 1585 or 1586 and held with other preferments till his death. When Hakluyt was only five his father passed away. That the passage in this voyage is easy and short, that it cutteth not near the trade of any other mighty Princes, nor near their Countries, that it is to be performed at all tymes of the year, and needeth but one kind of wind, that Ireland being full of good heavens on the south and west sides, is the nearest part of Europe to it, which by this trade shall be in more security, and the sooner drawn to more Civility. Grotius also argued that the seas should be freely navigable by all, which was useful since the England to Virginia route crossed seas which the Portuguese claimed. . His attitude towards the enemies of England clearly brings out pervasive anti-Spanish sentiments that have been embraced by England to formulate national identity and create a transatlantic empire. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. [5][8], Richard Hakluyt, the second of four sons, was born in Eyton in Herefordshire in 1553. Catholicism had always justified Spanish conquest, and colonization always carried religious imperatives. Your privacy is extremely important to us. In that year, Hakluyt was a consultant to the Company when it was renewing its charter. His medieval polemic concern becomes clearer when he mentions non-Christians who need to be defeated. He regards the native people as resources which England can use to serve her self-interest. What type of commercial aspirations does Hakluyt describe? Hakluyt studied at Christ College at Oxford University on a Queen Scholarship. Hakluyt dedicated to Cecil the second (1599) and third volumes (1600) of the expanded edition of Principal Navigations and also his edition of Galvo's Discoveries (1601). The Names of the rich Towns lying along the sea coast on the north side from the equinoctial of the mainland of America under the kinge of Spaine. Historians generally recognize three motives for European exploration and colonization in the New World: God, gold, and glory. In the treatise, he argued that colonization was an opportunity to proselytize the Protestant faith, exploit America's natural resources, create new trade markets, and offer work to the unemployed. The pension would have lapsed in 1583, but William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley, intervened to have it extended until 1586 to aid Hakluyt's geographical research.[10]. He carefully explores economic concerns . student. Hakluyt was educated at Westminster School and Christ Church, Oxford. Missions became the engine of colonization in North America. [24] Helen Thornton has suggested that the translation was commissioned by Thomas Smythe who became treasurer of the Virginia Company in 1609 and was also Governor of the East India Company. Learn about the English scholar Richard Hakluyt and his reasons for colonization and exploration. The year was 1591 or 1592. To begin with, the interest of Britain to colonize the Western Hemisphere is a major national goal. Cabot voyages at the end of the 15th-century mark, the beginning of the English crown's interest in overseas discoveries. IvyPanda. Richard Hakluyt, Hakluyt, Richard BORN: 1552 . Religious motivations can be traced all the way back to the Crusades, the series of religious wars between the 11th and 15th centuries during which European Christians sought to claim Jerusalem as an exclusively Christian space. Omissions? 8". Hakluyts family was of some social standing in the Welsh Marches and held property at Eaton. Richard received a good education first at the Westminster School, and then at Christ Church, Oxford. A particular discourse concerning the great necessity and manifold commodities that are like to grow to this Realm of England by the Western discoveries lately attempted, Written In the year 1584 by Richard Hakluyt of Oxford at the request and direction of the right worshipful Mr. Walter Raleigh now Knight, before the coming home of his Two Barks: and is divided into xxi chapters, the Titles whereof follow in the next leaf. These latter writings, together with a few letters, are the only extant material out of which a biography of him can be framed. In this he also pleaded for the establishment of a lectureship in navigation. The burial register merely states that Hakluyt was buried "in the Abbey" without giving an exact location, and there is no monument or gravestone: personal e-mail communication on 10 May 2007 with Miss Christine Reynolds, Assistant Keeper of Muniments, Westminster Abbey Library. Hakluyt interested himself in the publication of the manuscript journal of Ren Goulaine de Laudonnire, L'histoire notable de la Floride situe s Indes Occidentales in Paris in 1586. the Newfound Landes (London, 1583), in The . Hakluyt (1552-1616) was a geographer, historian, editor, and leading promoter of English colonial expansion in North America. In twenty-one chapters, summarized here, Hakluyt emphasized the many benefits that England would receive by creating colonies in the Americas. In 1584 he wrote the promotional piece known as Discourse of Western Planting to urge a reluctant Queen Elizabeth I to support English colonies and to convince rich businessmen to invest in them. The enterprise developed slowly with minor voyages for exploration first, but a colony was finally established at Roanoke Island, in Virginia, in 1587, which would become the famous 'Lost Colony' in American history. 3. He cites that it will provide more room for English citizens to expand and move to colonized areas, trade and regulate trade with other nations. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. professional specifically for you? But it is the Voyages that remains his memorial. She taught for history for fifteen years. Learn More. If you are the copyright owner of this paper and no longer wish to have your work published on IvyPanda. That the passage in this voyage is easy and short, that it cutteth not near the trade of any other mighty Princes, nor near their Countries, that it is to be performed at all tymes of the year, and needeth but one kind of wind, that Ireland being full of good heavens on the south and west sides, is the nearest part of Europe to it, which by this trade shall be in more security, and the sooner drawn to more Civility. As Hakluyt points out, the desire for peace, change, stability, and economic wellness of England is the driving force for robust territorial possession. Encyclopdia Britannica. He was fascinated by voyages being made to far-off lands. This articleincorporates text from a publication now in the public domain:Coote, Charles Henry; Beazley, Charles Raymond (1911). At the age of 30, being acquainted with "the chiefest captaines at sea, the greatest merchants, and the best mariners of our nation,"[11] he was selected as chaplain and secretary to accompany Stafford, now English ambassador at the French court, to Paris in 1583. with the order thereof and other reasons therewithal alleged. While he did not have the opportunity to travel around the world, he was able to live in France for five years as the chaplain to Sir Edward Stafford. What arguments does Hakluyt present in making a case for colonization? IvyPanda. Richard Hakluyt (1552-1616) No account of Elizabethan exploration is complete without mentioning Hakluyt. That this western voyage will yield unto us all the commodities of Europe, Africa, and Asia, as far as we were wont to travel, and supply the wants of all our decayed trades. Richard Hakluyt used this document to persuade Queen Elizabeth I to devote more money and energy into encouraging English colonization. Hakluyt also encouraged the production of geographical and historical writings by others. Hakluyt justifies the latter by claiming that colonization will limit the spread and expansion of the Spanish territory and subsequently jeopardize the interests of England. [23] However, it is not clear why Hakluyt's translation was not published in his lifetime. The latter will, in turn, reinvigorate industrial growth and the creation of new job opportunities. Richard Hakluyt, (born c. 1552, London?died November 23, 1616, England), English geographer noted for his political influence, his voluminous writings, and his persistent promotion of Elizabethan overseas expansion, especially the colonization of North America. Richard Hakluyt used this document to persuade Queen Elizabeth I to devote more money and energy into encouraging English colonization. However, the risk was great for everyone involved and in the case of England, encouragement was needed. Create your account. His utilitarian attitude and indifference against the Spanish population clearly depicts the rivalry and points out how England would gain a lot from their defeat. In Mare Liberum, Grotius denied that the 1493 donation by Pope Alexander VI that had divided the oceans between Spain and Portugal entitled Spain to make territorial claims to North America. He attempted to convince Elizabeth I, who was the Queen of England at the time, to fund colonizing efforts with a treatise entitled Discourse on Western Planting. A note of some things to be prepared for the voyage which is set down rather to draw the takers of the voyage in hande to the present consideration then for any other reason for that diverse things require preparation long before the voyage, without which the voyage is maimed. A Briefe declaration of the chief Islands in the Bay of Mexico being under the king of Spain, with their havens and forts, and what commodities they yeide. 4. Criminals will be effectively used in farms and industries to offer free labor. That this enterprise will be for the manifold employment of numbers of idle men, and for breeding of many sufficient, and for utterance of the great quantity of the commodities of our Realm. This book describes in detail the life and times of Hakluyt, a trained minister who . Urging their countrymen to join in the race for the colonization of the New World were two men, an uncle and his nephew, each named Richard Hakluyt. Works by Hakluyt in addition to those mentioned above included translations of Antonio Galvos Discoveries of the World (1601) and of Hernando de Sotos account of Florida, under the title Virginia Richly Valued, by the Description ofFlorida (1609). The outbreak of war with Spain put an end to the effectiveness of overseas propaganda and the opportunity for further exploration, so he began work on a project that he had had in mind for some time. English Deutsch Franais Espaol Portugus Italiano Romn Nederlands Latina Dansk Svenska Norsk Magyar Bahasa Indonesia Trke Suomi Latvian Lithuanian esk . That speedy planting in diverse fit places is most necessary upon these lucky western discoveries for fear of the danger of being prevented by other nations which have the like intentions, with the order thereof and other reasons therewithal alleged. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. [25] The translation may also have been part of the propaganda encouraging English people to settle in Virginia. He dedicated much of his career to convincing his contemporaries about the necessity of England establishing its own colonies. He presented his Discourse of Western Planting to Queen Elizabeth I in manuscript, but it was not actually printed until almost three hundred years later. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Richard-Hakluyt, History Today - The Architect of English Expansion, Encyclopedia of Virginia - Biography of Richard Hakluyt, Richard Hakluyt - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), Divers Voyages Touching the Discouerie of America, The Principal Navigations, Voyages and Discoveries of the English Nation, Haklvytvs Posthumus; or, Pvrchas His Pilgrimes. [10] These religious occupations have occasioned reconsideration of the role played by spiritual concerns in Hakluyt's writings on exploration, settlement, and England's relations with its Catholic rivals. The increase of the force of the Christians. During this time, Hakluyt became increasingly convinced that England should lay claim to the territories in North America as quickly as possible, and gained support for his plan from influential men such as Francis Walsingham and Robert Cecil. Hakluyt's first publication[13] was one that he wrote himself, Divers Voyages Touching the Discoverie of America and the Ilands Adjacent unto the Same, Made First of all by our Englishmen and Afterwards by the Frenchmen and Britons (1582). In Hakluyt's argument for colonization, religious considerations are entwined with political and economic ones. IV ("The Literature of the Sea") of vol. Besides, the occupation of key ports will enhance commercial activities since England will charge duties and control high-traffic regions. IvyPanda, 8 Apr. Hakluyt returned to London in 1588. His objective was to recommend the enterprise of establishing English plantations in the unsettled [by Europeans] region of North America, and thus gain the Queen's support for Raleigh's expedition. must. Richard Hakluyt lived at the time when the first phase of the Age of Discovery, during which mainly Southern Europeans attempted to discover a new route from Europe to Asia, was coming to an end and the era of Northern European exploration began. Around that time he became a minister. gradually changed in the direction of large and widespread colonization. (2021) 'English Colonization of America in Hakluyt's View'. The displacement of catholic Spain in the colonial race and substituting it with Protestant England is of critical importance. In a number of popular pamphlets they made the . Hakluyt is a firm believer of colonization owing to the nationalistic, social, and economic benefits it might bring to England. (Cambridge: 1877), 1-5. Richard Hakluyt lived during the Age of Exploration when opportunities were opening for European countries to explore unknown lands. Richard Hakluyt used this document to persuade Queen Elizabeth I to devote more money and energy into encouraging English colonization. Richard Hakluyt, A Discourse Concerning Western Planting, Written in the Year 1584, Charles Deane, ed. This can be interpreted to mean understanding the weaknesses and strengths of the colonized. April 8, 2021. https://ivypanda.com/essays/english-colonization-of-america-in-hakluyts-view/. [10] In 1605 he secured the prospective living of Jamestown, the intended capital of the intended colony of Virginia. He is known for promoting the English colonization of North America through his works, notably Divers Voyages Touching the Discoverie of America (1582) and The Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques and Discoveries of the English Nation (1589-1600).

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