negative effect of passive recreational activities

We found no noticeable difference in results by excising homework time and confining the measure to the length of the school day alone. Using extensive qualitative evidence, Lareau (2000, 2002) describes how the leisure time of children in middle-class families is highly structured and organized compared to the more informal, family-oriented working-class home environment. Bhattacharya, Debopam, and Bhashkar Mazumder. Effect sizes are at least twice as large for girls compared to boys, with all activities exhibiting significant relationships with math assessment except for video games (table 3). /ColorSpace /DeviceRGB Our core data come from the original CDS module of the PSID (Panel Study of Income Dynamics 2017). (Stratifying by sex or race does not reveal differences in the responsiveness of behavior to weather conditions, unlike the caregiver college/no college estimates.) Being a couch potato. 1369 Off, Morten K., Arnfinn E. Steindal, Alina C. Porojnicu, Asta Juzeniene, Alexander Vorobey, Anders Johnsson, and Johan Moan. Extrapolating from effect sizes and average time use/math scores across waves, back-of-the-envelope calculations suggest that differences in behavior may account for nontrivial proportions of the black/white and caregiver college/no college gaps in assessment. Several longitudinal studies have found early exposure to media and television in both infants and toddlers to predict worse cognitive outcomes later (Tomopoulos et al. We find that weighting our data do not affect our estimates. In this paper we use individual-level fixed effects coupled with a quasi-experimental research design, instrumenting active and sedentary behaviors with sunlight in trying to determine the cognitive effects of time use. /Length 11 0 R Indeed, the degradation of folate induced by ultraviolet light has been positioned as a prominent factor in the evolution of melanin content in humans because of its role in fetal neural tube development and related reproductive success (Jablonski and Chaplin 2000). Adobe d C These consist of the total time on the diary day doing: 1) Any leisurely physical activity that is not formal or organized (e.g., walking or hiking, but not baseball practice); 2) Any outside activity (including most forms of physical activity); 3) Any passive sedentary activity (hanging out, relaxing, or media consumption, but not reading or homework); 4) Television shows or movies across any platform; 5) Video games across any platform; and 6) Total screen time (media, gaming, and any additional non-educational computer or handheld use). While it is only in its earliest stages, the new PSID CDS will be a powerful tool in the future for researchers who seek to understand how behavior affects assessment and achievement. We control for the cumulative gains realized by the progression of the school year by including a time in school variable backdated to the day after Labor Day (largely but not universally coincident with the start of the school year in the United States) from the date of the WJ-R test in each CDS wave. There are three possible sources of variation in sunlight from wave to wave in our data: 1) the effect of children moving to a qualitatively different climate across waves (e.g., testing in May 1997 and 2002, but having moved from Vermont to Arizona in the interim); 2) the broader changes in weather due to taking the test in different seasonal conditions (e.g., testing in December 1997 and June 2002); and 3) the random weather perturbations that the jagged edges of the curves in figure 1 represent (e.g., engaging in activity and testing during a seasonably sunny few days in May 1997, and then again during a frost in May 2002). Many older adults face limitations to participating in active leisure activities as a result of their physical constraints from aging. Leisure time activity is often positioned as a key factor in child development, yet we know relatively little about the causal significance of various specific activities or the magnitude of their effects. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. 2013; Nikkelen et al. Related research also highlights a growing SES disparity in adolescent obesity prevalence that is masked by a recent trend of overall stabilization, consistent with gaps in relevant time use (Frederick, Snellman, and Putnam 2014). Sex-based gaps also increased noticeably, as girls were less sedentary and consumed less media in 2014 compared to 2007, while boys behavior was stable or only trivially declined. Still, because screen time and sedentary behavior are so intertwined in the American context, much of this work focuses on physical outcomes like body mass index, and extant findings on cognition are rather limited and equivocal. ), particularly in children (Ludyga et al. The regression coefficient found that club/organization or volunteering (P = 0.008), homemaking/maintenance (P = 0.017) and traveling (P = 0.017) for active leisure activities were statistically significant predictors of Life Satisfaction Index - Z for older adults. Still, even with modest convergence, adolescents with college-educated caregivers in 2014 spend more than a half hour less engaging in sedentary behavior per day than their peers. Khn, Simone, Tobias Gleich, Robert C. Lorenz, U. Lindenberger, and Jurgen Gallinat. 2015). In figure 3, we compare time use in the original CDS cohort we use in this analysis (19972007) to the newer 2014 module. These effects are meaningfully large in a real-world sense, ranging from a rise or fall of a fifth to more than half a standard deviation in math scores per additional daily hour spent on the specific activity. Meta-analyses of research on the effects of acute exercise intervention suggest a positive effect on executive functioning (i.e., skills that allow for planning, multitasking, self-control, etc. ! /Subtype /Image WebLoneliness observed to be related to many factors such as depression, desolation, hopelessness, low level of self-esteem, low level of life satisfaction, adaptation difficulty, In the FE methodological framework, each respondent effectively acts as their own control by only considering within-child variation in behaviors, covariates, and test scores over time, and as a matter of course accounts for stable characteristics like race, birthweight, or sex. negative effects of visible leisure. %PDF-1.2 Challenges to this assumption include the possibility that season itself is predictive of cognitive performance. Outdoor recreational activities are increasing worldwide and occur at high frequency especially close to cities. /Subtype /Image Such green spaces can lower temperatures by providing shade and water bodies equipped with drinking fountains and opportunities for passive recreational activities. Another consideration is why we did not see similar effects using verbal outcomes (see online appendix table S2 for broad reading results). WebRecent research including meta-analyses have clearly underlined the negative impact of seated occupational activities on overall mortality (11, 12). Note: Cluster-robust standard errors are in parentheses. Aging Ment Health. For instance, physical trampling will damage vegetation and increase compaction of soils. Though vitamin D is integral to skeletal health, it does play a role in neurological development and its deficiency tends to be associated with neuropsychiatric disorders (Eyles et al. k#/m,]K9>Bk#.ku}uVj6^C |5>_:+5q/` Kq! p>KGFk}g $o^:G\f^;.^' {N?Fu6e:}o^:G\f^;.^' {N?]tr"{/+RI%Ve?/^u5`!,Ve?/^u5`!,Ve?/^u5`!,^W? eCollection 2014. The negative effects of passive recreational activity are: It's important for humanity to have an understanding of nature, and sports or other outdoor activities According to some studies, the 2014 Jul 23;9:24616. doi: 10.3402/qhw.v9.24616. That is, sunlight is a noticeably poorer predictor of behavior among children with college-educated mothers compared to their peers, and this results in higher standard errors (but cannot account for the lower point estimates). Eyles, D. W., F. Feron, X. Cui, J. P. Kesby, L. H. Harms, P. Ko, J. J. McGrath, and T. H. J. Burne. /Length 13 0 R With the emergence of smartphones and tablets, many children may be consuming media while they are primarily waiting for their parents at school, being driven home, and so forth. MeSH << If children are customarily indoors and relatively inactive whatever their background, why might we see such a difference in effect sizes? We restricted the 2014 CDS descriptive estimates to children above 10 so they are comparable in age to the 2007 wave (when the youngest children in our sample were about 10 years old). Supplementary material is available at Social Forces online. Alexander, Karl L., Doris R. Entwisle, and Linda S. Olson. 2022 Jun 15;10(1):151. doi: 10.1186/s40359-022-00861-1. ;woW5un57t\wzj#1'Rke7loqS;mam*I_]z+=[n&]?HS;mam+/vlwOs>Q>K/vlwOs>Q>K/vlwOs>Q>K+RI$I$_ Another crucially important potential source of bias arises from missing data. ! We link a database of more than three million county-day measures of sunlight compiled by the US government to corresponding time use diary and cognitive assessment records longitudinally collected in the first Child Development Supplement (CDS) module of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID). Researchers have also illustrated related links between seasonal warm-weather allergens and decreased performance on high-stakes exams (Bensnes 2016). Careers. Benefits such as: improving of cardiovascular health helping a person manage his or her weight lowering calories and cholesterol reducing blood pressure strengthening bond or relationship with other people In the social sciences, work tends to focus on time use as outcome, tacitly positioning specific behaviors as meaningfully contributing to the mechanics of social reproduction and individual life chances (Gershenson 2013; Kalil et al. 2014). The Author(s) 2018. There are also other more clinically significant sun-related factors that work in the opposite direction, and would bias our estimates downward. Lillard, Angeline S., and Jennifer Peterson. We also include a five-year rolling average of real family income preceding the measurement year, and the poverty rate of the home census tract as a proxy for neighborhood conditions. stream The second and third waves followed up on eligible minors in 2002 and 2007, respectively, with any child 18 or over transferring to the Transition to Adulthood (TA) supplement, which consists of a more limited array of data that do not include time diaries or cognitive assessments. Not exercising. Effects of Leisure Participation on Life Satisfaction in Older Korean Adults: A Panel Analysis. WebActive recreation means leisure time activities usually of a more formal nature and performed with others, often requiring equipment and taking place at prescribed places, sites or fields. Small-scale experimental studies have also shown that gaming may positively affect spatial reasoning and executive functioning (Khn et al. There is also the related question of what cognition as it is customarily rendered in the social sciences signifies. Leech, Rebecca M., Sarah McNaughton, and Anna Timperio. Extremes in sunlight compared to national average (average daily sunlight values in kilojoules/m2, 19972008), Geographic variation in average sunlight (kilojoules/m2), 19972008. Systematic reviews generally find substantial positive associations between physical activity and cognitive well-being across the life course, but particularly among children and seniors (Esteban-Cornejo et al. Matsuoka, Lois Y., Jacobo Wortsman, John G. Haddad, Paul Kolm, and Bruce W. Hollis. In the only large-scale study that directly examines the effect of weather on cognition that we are aware of, Kent et al. More recently, the theory of concerted cultivation has been developed as an extension of this work to describe how the child-rearing practices of parents and time uses of children systematically differ by race and social class. We use weekday measures of time use, and necessarily exclude summer vacation as the CDS was administered only during the school year. stream Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. *:JZjz ? Our conventional FE estimates, however, render null effects across the board (though removing the education controllength of school day plus homeworkproduces significant results for sedentary behavior and screen time in the expected direction [estimates not shown]). Quasi-experimental studies on the cognitive effects of computer use have found that effects are largely null (Fairlie and Robinson 2013), or negative but modest in magnitude (Vigdor, Ladd, and Martinez 2014). HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help >> The signal between behavior and cognitive achievement would be weakened in these subgroups, and thus perhaps not broadly relevant in terms of policy because changing behaviors would only affect children whose behavior is sensitive to environmental conditions. Here, we couple individual fixed effects and instrumental variable approaches in trying to determine whether specific forms of leisure contribute to gains in test performance over time. While we make every attempt to account for these factors conceptually and empirically, because one cannot prove that the exclusion criteria are met, the possibility remains that there is some latent bias that drives our results. That is, RCT studies are by definition unable to reproduce the real-world conditions in which behaviors emerge and unfold, while their limited scale prevents inferences on how effects vary among subgroups. 10 0 obj 20 0 obj Some of the data used in this analysis are derived from Restricted Data Files of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, obtained under special contractual arrangements designed to protect the anonymity of the respondents. RECREATION, PASSIVE: Recreation that involves existing natural resources and has a minimal impact. RECREATION, PASSIVE means low intensity recreation activities which have limited noise and light impacts and are minimally disruptive to the natural environment. For the purposes of this title, Persons interested in obtaining PSID Restricted Data Files should contact PSIDHelp@isr.umich.edu. Borghans, Lex, Bart H H Golsteyn, James Heckman, and John E. Humphries. /Length 21 0 R Esteban-Cornejo, Irene, Carlos Tejero-Gonzalez, James F. Sallis, and Oscar L. Veiga. Aim: The differences in the effects of physical and outdoor activity are more difficult to speculate on because all children exhibit relatively low levels of either behavior. Our research suffers from various limitations that render our results provisional. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Bookshelf One possibility in explaining the differences in effect sizes (or whether behaviors are significantly predictive) stratified by race or sex is the presence of a threshold effect, whereby the marginal consumption of a specific behavior becomes either more or less impactful past a certain point. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. For practical purposes, we believe our findings lend further support to the general notion that, ceteris paribus, physical activity seems to generally be a positive factor in child development, while sedentary and screen behavior seem to evince the opposite effect. 2005). 2016). HW[~:yjY4@}89Dl$%hgxnp,R/|gJdy2G^*a%`~1R"~GVw1)r[ y}u[q-brGqS?ZETT. Res Gerontol Nurs. Baseline differences in test performance (i.e., before entering kindergarten) between white and black children, to take one example, are often found to be as large as a full standard deviation (Bond and Lang 2013). Further, the whether moved control is insignificant in every one of our specifications, while restricting the sample to never-movers produces substantively similar results, with slightly larger coefficients. Meanwhile, public health research in this vein is largely concerned with the division between active and sedentary forms of leisure time expenditure, rather than the formal-informal distinction. << *:JZjz ? Yet other experimental research has found that even very short exposures (i.e., minutes, not hours) to high-intensity media can depress the executive functioning in children (Lillard and Peterson 2011), negatively mirroring related RCT study findings in physical activity. Fitzpatrick, Maria D., David Grissmer, and Sarah Hastedt. In this sense, playing outside or watching television can be seen as extensions of the formal-informal dichotomy many sociologists sketch out in examining patterns in achievement and childhood trajectory. Regular physical activity exerts beneficial effects on onset and progression of a number chronic diseases, well-being, and has positive effect to communities and societies. Whether the convergence in time use among subgroups or positive trends in behavior compared to earlier cohorts manifest in any measurable effect on test performance gaps either in the PSID or more broadly is an open question. Behav Sci (Basel). Kent, Shia T., Leslie A. McClure, William L. Crosson, Donna K. Arnett, Virginia G. Wadley, and Nalini Sathiakumar. >> H+T5237U0 B]cC=S## %*g* e While institutional and geographic factors are doubtlessly crucial to the formation of intellectual capital, these findings suggest that variations in home activity (i.e., outside formal school or childcare settings) may have cumulative effects on development that rival or even exceed those of school or neighborhood quality (Potter and Roksa 2013). Others have also leveraged the random occurrence of weather shocks to explore electoral outcomes (Madestam et al. Children experience systematic differences in their exposure to formal academic instruction due to the geographic variation in the minimum number of hours that states and other localities mandate students receive. The social and economic background of families influences not only the level of formalization but often whether activities are active or passive, and our findings are provisional evidence that these behaviors are significant in terms of not only weight gain or physical health but cognitive performance as well, implicating them in broader trends in childhood inequality in achievement. National Library of Medicine /Height 42 We find that physically active and outdoor leisure activity (for American children, largely synonymous) positively contribute to growth in math skills, while sedentary activity and screen time in its various manifestations exhibit the opposite effect. However, in high-performance sports, minimum performance differences can have a major impact on athletes success in competition. These differences in measured cognition reverberate through the life course, and have been implicated in reduced intergenerational mobility and flatter wage trajectories among African Americans, controlling for other significant factors in achievement like grades and attitudinal traits (Bhattacharya and Mazumder 2011; Hall and Farkas 2011). endstream While we recognize that our measures of cognition are almost certainly capturing other dimensions of overall ability like motivation, these tests are purer reflections of aptitude than grades, to take one example, and are the closest we can reasonably hope to get in capturing intellectual performance using secondary data (Borghans et al. endobj For instance, some have provocatively argued that the primary driver of labor market success and attendant social reproduction is not cognition or skills per se but the attitudes and personality traits that are inculcated in the higher social strata (Bowles and Gintis 2002). FE-IV Results Stratified by Primary Caregivers Education. Therefore, our previous understanding of harmful StS effects on subsequent strength and power activities has to be updated. 2020 Jun 19;17(12):4402. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17124402. 2011). Specifications that were not bounded by lag time restrictions produced substantively similar results, but with smaller coefficients and greater precision, consistent with the growth in sample size and reduced signal after including cases where testing substantially lags or precedes treatment. /Height 42 << Fairlie, Robert W., and Jonathan Robinson. Leisure and religious activity participation and mental health: gender analysis of older adults in Nepal. Despite some evidence of a modest convergence in baseline readiness between 1998 and 2010, differences in aptitude between the richest and poorest children have increased by over a third since 1970s-born cohorts and are currently about twice as large as the black-white achievement gap (Reardon and Portilla 2015). 2017). government site. 7 0 obj /ColorSpace /DeviceRGB Association between Depression Severity and Physical Function among Chinese Nursing Home Residents: The Mediating Role of Different Types of Leisure Activities. The result also showed that active leisure activities, such as club/organization or volunteering, home making/maintenance and traveling, were significant predictors of life satisfaction for older adults controlling for covariates. Results: The results showed that participation in passive leisure activities, such reading, talking on the telephone and watching TV/listening to the radio, is more frequent among older adults (P = 0.000). Scientists from the Southeast Fisheries Science Center have deployed passive acoustic recorders to monitor endangered North Atlantic right whales in the Southeast for the 2023 calving season. Using the weather as an instrument, as we have described, also has its pitfalls and potential biases. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. We merge a restricted access version of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) Child Development Supplement (CDS), longitudinally collected from 1997 to 2007, with a database of over three million county-day observations of sunlight. As the catchment and reservoir are the first and foremost barriers to protect drinking water quality, these ecological impacts may have a considerable influence on water quality. endstream Research in the theoretical tradition of Bourdieu has long stressed the importance of activities geared toward curating a disposition suitable for succeeding in school and navigating institutions later in life, like engagement with high art, music, and literature (DiMaggio 1982). 8 0 obj endobj stream Because other imputed stratified estimates (see tables S4S5 in the online appendix) deliver similar or more conservative estimates compared to those using listwise deletion, it is possible that our main race-stratified results are downwardly biased due to nonresponse. Thus some children may be substituting physically active behavior for, say, watching television, while for others that same active leisure may be impinging on studying or practicing violin. 2007). * p < .05 ** p < .01 *** p < .001 (two-tailed tests). While recent work that attempts to econometrically isolate the causes of achievement supports the importance of intangibles like attitude and disposition, cognition still appears to be the primary determinant of economic success on both individual and national scales (Hanushek 2013; Lundborg, Nystedt, and Rooth 2014). WebOther studies have also indicated that participating in moderate-in-tensity leisure activities (e.g., walking) can effectively reduce psychological anxiety and improve mood (Fox, 1999; Roe & Aspinall, 2011; Scully, Kremer, Meade, Graham, & Dudgeon, 1998).

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