- 7. Mai 2023
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- Category: Allgemein
Just 6 days . The wedding took place on 29 July 1565 in the chapel of Holyrood Palace. Mary was misled into thinking her letters were secure, while in reality they were deciphered and read by Walsingham. For the list of documents see, for example. It condemned Buchanan's work as an invention,[242] and "emphasized Mary's evil fortunes rather than her evil character". 1559 - 1560. At that moment, the auburn tresses in his hand turned out to be a wig and the head fell to the ground, revealing that Mary had very short, grey hair. But by February 1567, tensions had thawed enough for Mary to name Elizabeth protector of her infant son, the future James VI of Scotland and I of England. Upon his death in 1547, she was named third in the line of succession, eligible to rule only in the unlikely event that her siblings, Edward VI and Mary I, died without heirs. But in June of 1560, Marys mother died in Scotland at the age of 45. On 7 July 1548, a Scottish Parliament held at a nunnery near the town agreed to the French marriage treaty. [236] Her body was embalmed and left in a secure lead coffin until her burial in a Protestant service at Peterborough Cathedral in late July 1587. They sent him to France ostensibly to extend their condolences, while hoping for a potential match between their son and Mary. "[213] She protested that she had been denied the opportunity to review the evidence, that her papers had been removed from her, that she was denied access to legal counsel and that as a foreign anointed queen she had never been an English subject and thus could not be convicted of treason. [3] [147], Mary apparently expected Elizabeth to help her regain her throne. Her last words were, In manus tuas, Domine, commendo spiritum meum ("Into thy hands, O Lord, I commend my spirit"). From the outset, there were two claims to the regency: one from the Catholic Cardinal Beaton, and the other from the Protestant Earl of Arran, who was next in line to the throne. When her uncle, the Cardinal of Lorraine, began negotiations with Archduke Charles of Austria without her consent, she angrily objected and the negotiations foundered. [218] On 3 February,[219] ten members of the Privy Council of England, having been summoned by Cecil without Elizabeth's knowledge, decided to carry out the sentence at once. 24 Apr 1558. This decision proved to be disastrous, since Mary was soon a prisoner of the queen and would spend the next nineteen years as Elizabeths prisoner, before she was executed for plotting against the queen on 8 February 1587 at Fotheringay Castle. [221] She spent the last hours of her life in prayer, distributing her belongings to her household, and writing her will and a letter to the King of France. The untimely death of Francis in 5 December 1560 changed Marys future and meant she would return to Scotland to claim her throne, leaving Franciss ten-year-old brother Charles to inherit his brothers title of king. Registration now open. Kristen Post Walton outlines a middle ground between these extremes, noting that Marys Catholic faith and gender worked against her throughout her reign. 2572212 | VAT registration No. [Marys] failures are dictated more by her situation than by her as a ruler, she says, and I think if she had been a man, she would've been able to be much more successful and would never have lost the throne.. In the end, Moray returned to Scotland as regent and Mary remained in custody in England. He was the second husband of Mary, Queen of Scots, and was the father of James VI of Scotland, who succeeded Elizabeth I of England as James I. Jenn Scott of the Stewart Society tells the story . [158] They are widely believed to be crucial as to whether Mary shared the guilt for Darnley's murder. The sensational life of Mary Stuart is on the . [86] Mary fell in love with the "long lad", as Queen Elizabeth called him since he was over six feet tall. Mary was accused of involvement in the murder, the prime suspect was the Earl of Bothwell, who within weeks would be Mary's husband. In December 1566 James was baptized in the Chapel Royal of Stirling Castle. Darnley shared a more recent Stewart lineage with the Hamilton family as a descendant of Mary Stewart, Countess of Arran, a daughter of James II of Scotland. This time, the victim was Darnley himself. [51] Mary's claim to the English throne was a perennial sticking point between herself and Elizabeth. The versions of Mary and Elizabeth created by Saoirse Ronan and Margot Robbie may reinforce some of the popular misconceptions surrounding the twin queensincluding the oversimplified notion that they either hated or loved each other, and followed a direct path from friendship to arch rivalrybut they promise to present a thoroughly contemporary twist on an all-too-familiar tale of women bombarded by men who believe they know better. Mary was 5 when she first met the four-year-old Dauphin, her betrothed husband. Entering the later stages of her pregnancy, she was desperate to escape and somehow won over Darnley and they escaped together. [220], At Fotheringhay, on the evening of 7 February 1587, Mary was told she was to be executed the next morning. There are incomplete printed transcriptions in English, Scots, French, and Latin from the 1570s. At the same time, shes quick to point out that the portrayal of Mary and Elizabeth as polar oppositesCatholic versus Protestant, adulterer versus Virgin Queen, beautiful tragic heroine versus smallpox-scarred hagis problematic in and of itself. [21] Mary was crowned in the castle chapel on 9 September 1543,[22][17] with "such solemnity as they do use in this country, which is not very costly", according to the report of Ralph Sadler and Henry Ray. [23], Shortly before Mary's coronation, Henry arrested Scottish merchants headed for France and impounded their goods. In October, she was put on trial for treason under the Act for the Queen's Safety before a court of 36 noblemen,[209] including Cecil, Shrewsbury, and Walsingham. [78] Elizabeth attempted to neutralise Mary by suggesting that she marry English Protestant Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester. English troops then intervened in the Scottish civil war, consolidating the power of the anti-Marian forces. Not only were the two absolute rulers in a patriarchal society, but they were also women whose lives, while seemingly inextricable, amounted to more than their either their relationships with men or their rivalry with each other. 5. A royal residence, a vital stronghold and an iconic structure, Edinburgh Castle is one of the most famous castles in the world. The nobles who had plotted with Darnley now felt betrayed by him; after all, they had captured the queen and her potential heir, murdered her dear friend, and were in a position to demand anything. When Mary left for Scotland, she travelled with the children of Scotland's nobility, including the 'Four Maries,' the women who would stay with her throughout her later imprisonment and execution. He was superficially charming and, unlike most men, taller than the queen. [115] Divorce was discussed, but a bond was probably sworn between the lords present to remove Darnley by other means:[116] "It was thought expedient and most profitable for the common wealth that such a young fool and proud tyrant should not reign or bear rule over them; that he should be put off by one way or another; and whosoever should take the deed in hand or do it, they should defend. explains, Marys story is one of murder, sex, pathos, religion and unsuitable lovers. Add in the Scottish queens rivalry with Elizabeth, as well as her untimely end, and she transforms into the archetypal tragic heroine. [68], To the surprise and dismay of the Catholic party, Mary tolerated the newly established Protestant ascendancy,[69] and kept her half-brother Moray as her chief advisor. [90] Although her advisors had brought the couple together, Elizabeth felt threatened by the marriage because as descendants of her aunt, both Mary and Darnley were claimants to the English throne. Who were the husbands of Mary Queen of Scots? She was also a claimant (someone who has a legal claim to be the lawful ruler) to the throne of England. [73], Mary sent William Maitland of Lethington as an ambassador to the English court to put the case for Mary as the heir presumptive to the English throne. Under the terms of the Treaty of Edinburgh, signed by Mary's representatives on 6 July 1560, France and England undertook to withdraw troops from Scotland. [238] Her body was exhumed in 1612 when her son, King James VI and I, ordered that she be reinterred in Westminster Abbey in a chapel opposite the tomb of Elizabeth. For nineteen years she was kept under lock and key until she was finally executed in 1587 for conspiring against Elizabeth. Darnley was murdered a few months after they were married, and Mary later married James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell. (Francis younger brother, Charles IX, became king of France at just 10 years old with his mother, Catherine de Medici, acting as regent. In the absence of Lennox and with no evidence presented, Bothwell was acquitted after a seven-hour trial on 12 April. [206] In a successful attempt to entrap her, Walsingham had deliberately arranged for Mary's letters to be smuggled out of Chartley. On the promise of French military help and a French dukedom for himself, Arran agreed to the marriage. [10], Mary was christened at the nearby Church of St Michael shortly after she was born. [71], Modern historian Jenny Wormald found this remarkable and suggested that Mary's failure to appoint a council sympathetic to Catholic and French interests was an indication of her focus on the English throne, over the internal problems of Scotland. [137] The following night, she was imprisoned in Loch Leven Castle on an island in the middle of Loch Leven. Perceiving Mary as a threat, Elizabeth had her confined in various castles and manor houses in the interior of England. As Mary donned dual crowns, the new English queen, her cousin Elizabeth Tudor, consolidated power on the other side of the Channel. The original letter is in French, this translation is from. [25] The rejection of the marriage treaty and the renewal of the alliance between France and Scotland prompted Henry's "Rough Wooing", a military campaign designed to impose the marriage of Mary to his son. [149] In mid-July 1568, English authorities moved Mary to Bolton Castle, because it was farther from the Scottish border but not too close to London. [122] In the early hours of the morning, an explosion devastated Kirk o' Field. Both queens were surprisingly fluid in their religious inclinations. She had been queen for all but the first six days of her life, John Guy writes in Queen of Scots, [but] apart from a few short but intoxicating weeks in the following year, the rest of her life would be spent in captivity.. [124][125] Bothwell, Moray, Secretary Maitland, the Earl of Morton and Mary herself were among those who came under suspicion. [76], Mary then turned her attention to finding a new husband from the royalty of Europe. Mary, Queen of Scots marries Prince Francis, the future King Francis II France. [162] Other documents scrutinised included Bothwell's divorce from Jean Gordon. Catholics considered the marriage unlawful, since they did not recognise Bothwell's divorce or the validity of the Protestant service. Three months later the future James VI of Scotland was born and congratulations came from all over Europe. [127], By the end of February, Bothwell was generally believed to be guilty of Darnley's assassination. [29], King Henry II of France proposed to unite France and Scotland by marrying the young queen to his three-year-old son, the Dauphin Francis. [39] Mary's maternal grandmother, Antoinette de Bourbon, was another strong influence on her childhood[40] and acted as one of her principal advisors. [235], Mary's request to be buried in France was refused by Elizabeth. Widowed following the unexpected death of her first husband, France's Francis II, she left. Margaret Tudor, (born November 29, 1489, Londondied October 18, 1541, Methven, Perth, Scotland), wife of King James IV of Scotland, mother of James V, and elder daughter of King Henry VII of England. [192] Norfolk continued to scheme for a marriage with Mary, and Elizabeth imprisoned him in the Tower of London between October 1569 and August 1570. Her height emphasized Marys seemingly innate queenship: Enthroned as Scotlands ruler at just six days old, she spent her formative years at the French court, where she was raised alongside future husband Francis II. [134] The marriage was tempestuous, and Mary became despondent. They were Mary Fleming, Mary Seton, Mary Beaton and Mary Livingstone. But he never seemed to care for Mary and sought far more power than she was willing to give him. In doing so, the English queen avoided falling under a mans dominionand maintained the possibility of a marriage treaty as a bargaining chip. Abduction: 24 April 1567 English forces mounted a series of raids on Scottish and French territory. As a Protestant, she faced threats from Englands Catholic faction, which favored a rival claim to the thronethat of Mary, the Catholic Queen of Scotsover hers. Mary's husband, Francis II, ruled in France for only a little over a year, dying in December 1560. [156] Mary denied writing them and insisted they were forgeries,[157] arguing that her handwriting was not difficult to imitate. Now, first-time director Josie Rourke hopes to offer a modern twist on the tale with her new Mary Queen of Scots biopic, which finds Saoirse Ronan and Margot Robbie stepping into the shoes of the legendary queens. Pope Gregory XIII endorsed one plan in the latter half of the 1570s to marry her to the governor of the Low Countries and illegitimate half-brother of Philip II of Spain, John of Austria, who was supposed to organise the invasion of England from the Spanish Netherlands. So she consented to wed Bothwell, hoping that this would finally stabilize the country. Did you know that Mary Queen of Scots had three husbands? In February 1567, Darnley's residence was destroyed by an explosion, and he was found murdered in the garden. By the 1580s, she had severe rheumatism in her limbs, rendering her lame. [231] Items supposedly worn or carried by Mary at her execution are of doubtful provenance;[232] contemporary accounts state that all her clothing, the block, and everything touched by her blood was burnt in the fireplace of the Great Hall to obstruct relic hunters. Mary was horrified and banished him from Scotland. [97] In what became known as the Chaseabout Raid, Mary with her forces and Moray with the rebellious lords roamed around Scotland without ever engaging in direct combat. [181] Elizabeth considered Mary's designs on the English throne to be a serious threat and so confined her to Shrewsbury's properties, including Tutbury, Sheffield Castle, Sheffield Manor Lodge, Wingfield Manor, and Chatsworth House,[182] all located in the interior of England, halfway between Scotland and London and distant from the sea. As a great-granddaughter of Henry VII of England, Mary had once claimed Elizabeth's throne as her own and was considered the legitimate sovereign of England by many English Catholics, including participants in a rebellion known as the Rising of the North.
