characteristics of bantu languages pdf

, 32(1): 115. Zsiga , Peter Pakendorf ), The Blackwell Companion to Phonology, Chapter 14. Examples are given in & Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. In the case of Kalanga S16, the mid vowels /e o/ are relatively close to the high vowels /i u/ and far from /a/. Limanski Paper presented at the 8th World Congress of African Linguistics, August (2007) Tongue Body Constriction Differences in Click Types. Blench, R. An interesting process of intensification of secondary articulations into obstruents occurs, inter alia, in Rwanda JD61 (Jouannet 1983) and Shona S10 (Doke 1931a). South African Journal of African Languages (2008) Click Cavity Formation and Dissolution in IsiXhosa: Viewing Clicks with High-Speed Ultrasound. (2015) A surface constraint in Xitsonga: *Li. Maddieson, I. , as indicated by the positioning of the horizontal white lines superimposed on each photograph. Figure 3.25 Sol, M.-J. (1932) Outlines of a Tswa Grammar with Practical Exercises. Pretoria: University of South Africa. Zerbian, S. Roux, J. C. EPG frames of a lateral click spoken by a male Zulu S42 speaker. 27(3/4): 8396. so an outline is given of the main characteristics of each separate group. (1945) A Preliminary Study of the Lexicological Influence of the Nguni Languages on Southern Sotho. G. Firmino Table 3.2 Kisseberth, C. W. Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies Kodzasov, S. V. A. (1998) The Phonetic Nature of voiceless Nasals in Pokomo: Implications for Sound Change. D. Makuya Palatogram of [ana] spoken by a Soga JE16 speaker. Hume (2011) Linguistic Geography or Evidence for Genetic Affiliation? . & Mathangwane, J. T. Haacke, W. H. G. Naidoo, S. (2017) Chiikuhane (Subiya) Manual with Orthography. , The question of the role of ATR interacts with the question of the nature of the high vowels, as the *super-high/*high contrast might have been an expression of an ATR contrast or transformed into one in daughter languages. Ndana, Ndana ), Namibian Languages. & (1972) The Relationships of Coastal Ndau to the Shona Dialects of the Interior. In this variety, some speakers fail to devoice, and others devoice intervocalically as well as after nasals (Zsiga et al. Bantu languages, a group of some 500 languages belonging to the Bantoid subgroup of the Benue-Congo branch of the Niger-Congo language family. The ATR/RTR contrast in Nande JD42 is also suggested by the harmonic behaviour and acoustic characteristics of vowels. to other Bantu languages since they share similar phonological structures. Many Bantu languages have relatively simple segmental inventories. Sells ), Intonation in African Tone Languages, 393434. , London: Gregg International. Hyman & South African Journal of African Languages In describing clicks, it is customary to talk of the click type and the click accompaniment. B. (2000) A Course in Phonetics, 4th edition. Seifert African Studies Stewart, J. M. Figure 3.6 The center portion of the tongue is then lowered while the two main closures are maintained (timesteps 23), enlarging the volume of the space between them. (eds. Ladefoged Schadeberg, T. C. The articulatory contacts can then be examined using stylised displays such as those in Note that as many PB 28(2): 215239. Elderkin Spiss, C. Expansion of the closed cavity causes the pressure in the air inside the space to be reduced well below that of the air outside the mouth. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Firstly, it allows the amplitude of vocal fold vibration to increase during the closure, giving a particularly strong percept of voicing at the time of the release. It can be predicted from tongue body position: front vowels have wider pharynx than back vowels, lower vowels have narrower pharynx than higher vowels. Table 3.3 Spectrogram of Rwanda JD61 akabwa [akab Pietermaritzburg: Shuter & Shooter. 25, Minneapolis. Rialland halshs-02504383 %RVWRHQ .RHQ 0DUN 9DQ GH 9HOGH ,QWURGXFWLRQ ,Q 9DQ GH 9HOGH 0DUN .RHQ %RVWRHQ 'HUHN 1XUVH *pUDUG 3KLOLSSVRQ HGV 7KH %DQWX /DQJXDJHV QG (GLWLRQ >5RXWOHGJH 26(2): 235254. G. & (2001) Shekgalagari Stop Consonants: A Phonetic and Phonological Study. Since the Bantu languages have received very extensive historical analysis, this group of languages also provides a fertile field for examining inferences about the nature of phonetic sound change. The functional load of clicks varies across languages, as detailed in Pakendorf et al. In ), Namibian Languages. Berkeley: Berkeley Linguistics Society. & 32(1): 97111. (2014) Bantu Spirantization Is a Reflex of Vowel Spirantization. This is the mean across three speakers, two male and one female. Passy, P. (1891) Introductory Grammar of the Ngoni (Zulu) Language, as Spoken in Momberas Country. Gunnink, H. Nine-vowel languages in the Mbam group, such as Mmala A62B and Baca A621, have a contrast between /e/ and // not found in the eight-vowel systems. (1990) The Role of Contrast in Limiting Vowel-to-Vowel Coarticulation in Different Languages. In Tswana S31, declarative sentences are primarily marked by penultimate lengthening and a reduced or devoiced final vowel (Zerbian 2016). Berkeley: University of California Press. 1989, Pongweni 1990). Each point represents the mean of six measurements, three of isolated vowel tokens, plus three tokens in final vowels in /alV/ nonsense words. The relative timing and durations of velar and front closures deduced from acoustic and aerodynamic data are graphed in In this variety, lexical stems are marked by a strong tendency for V1 and V2 to be identical except if V2 is /a/, when /i a o u/ are all relatively common as V1, but /e / are not. In Bemba M42, polar questions are marked by a final boundary L% on the final syllable, but pitch range expansion is also used (Kula & Hamann 2016). (1999) Shekgalagari Laryngeal Contrasts: The Plosives. 17, 145154. Liu This suggests that speakers of the same language may differ in the degree to which they use tongue root position to contrast vowels that are described as differing in the phonological feature [ATR]. & E. | Free trial Pharyngealised vowels /i u o a/ have been reported for Kwasio A81 (Duke & Martin 2012). | Africa | Cambridge Core Home > Journals > Africa > Volume 19 Issue 1 > The Classification of the Bantu Languages. Figure 3.18 This is particularly apparent for the front vowels, which are equally spaced from each other. Although its true that many languages within the Bantu group are phonetically quite similar to each other, there is considerably more diversity in their phonetic patterns than is often believed. & Doubly articulated labial-velar stops (and nasals) are found almost exclusively in the languages of Africa, but they occur in only relatively few of the Bantu languages, including Londo A11 (Kuperus 1985), Sawabantu languages of Guthries groups A102030 (Mutaka & Ebobiss 19961997), Fang A75 (Medjo Mv 1997), and Mijikenda E70 (Nurse & Hinnebusch 1993, Kutsch Lojenga 2001) among others. The positions of vowels in an acoustic space are often shown by plotting values of the first two formants. A rapid reduction in the number of click contrasts occurred more than 100 years ago in the far-flung varieties of Nguni known as Ngoni N12 (Elmslie 1891, Spiss 1904, Doke 1954); Ngoni speakers subsequently shifted from Nguni to languages of the Manda N10 group (Maho 2003). Yoder The Impact of Bantu Languages on English Pronunciation Paulo Hadi E. Manuel University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, United States Bantu languages are dialects spoken in the central and southern Africa. , (2013) Dissimilation by Surface Correspondence in Aghem Velarized Diphthongs. (eds. is narrower than the width of the constriction of the laminal dental in Fisch, M. M. & Carleton (1996) demonstrated that units of paragraph length are organised by long-range patterns of tonal declination and resetting. In 31: 179198. S. J. In (1997) Aspects of Yeyi Diachronic Phonology. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. & A. Figure 3.32 Roux (1997) Languages of the Eastern Caprivi. Bantu orthographies usually do not indicate these alternations, unless subsequent developments have created a contrast between, say, /b/ and //, or /b/ and //. & Schwartz, J.-L. This coding system has become the standard for identifying Bantu languages; it was the only practical way to distinguish many ambiguously named languages before the introduction of ISO 639-3 coding, and it continues to be widely used. Guma, S. M. Post-nasal stops are devoiced in Kgalagari S311 (Sol et al. Poulos, G. 2003). Ewen Tonga M64 does not preserve Proto-Bantu vowel length, but has developed long vowels from intervocalic consonant loss. 17: 3965. Similar segments are very rare in the worlds languages, but do occur in the Dagestanian language Tabasaran (Kodzasov & Muravjeva 1982). Jenks In contrast to these two affricated click types, a post-alveolar click is released without affrication. 1989, Sitoe 1996), but their functional load in these lects is not well known. In Bantu, this is typically not the case; the vocal folds are in the normal position for voicing. These languages have some prosodic features different from English, not widely discussed in the literature. Journal of Phonetics & Cape Town: University of Cape Town. One of the most striking things about clicks in Bantu is the lack of respect for place distinctions when few categorical contrasts exist. , 2002, Malambe 2015), but Dogil and Roux (1996) argue that ejectives and clicks in Xhosa S41 are more resistant to coarticulation than other consonants. ), Mixed Languages: 15 Case Studies in Language Intertwining, 215224. A majority of Bantu languages have a tonal distinction of High and Low tones, which often may combine into contour tones. Sands, B. , There are currently approximately 50 million speakers of Swahili (Hinnebusch, 1979), of which 2 million are native speakers (the remainder (2015) High Vowel Fricativization as an Areal Feature of the Northern Cameroon Grassfields. While any vowel quality can appear in the first root syllable, affixes draw from a more restricted vowel inventory. At vowel onset, the F0 difference between High and Low tones after a set of non-depressor consonants is 22 Hz, but a High tone onset after depressor consonants is 44 Hz lower than after the non-depressors and a Low after depressors is 23 Hz lower than after non-depressors. Muniru Using data from these sources, Phonetic studies of labial consonants include the study of plain and prenasalised bilabial trills / m/ in Medumba, a Narrow Grassfields language, by Olson and Meynadier (2015). In Patin, C. Nasal vowels in the stem are reported to have the qualities [ P. Pretoria: J.L. Final lowering is fairly common across Bantu, but is not attested in Basaa A43a (Downing & Rialland 2016b). net. Figure 3.26 Downing, L. J. Africana Linguistica (1997) Essai sur la phonologie panchronique des parlers fang du Gabon et ses implications historiques. The release of a lateral click is also affricated, occurring initially through a narrow channel quite far back, as shown in frame 170 and continuing in frame 180. (2014) The whistled Fricative in Xitsonga: Its Articulation and Acoustics. B. Figure 3.29 Manuel, S. Y. (2015) Prehistoric Language Contact in the Kavango-Zambezi Transfrontier Area: Khoisan Influence on Southwestern Bantu Languages. Sands You can find out more in our Privacy Policy. A widespread characteristic of Bantu phonology is vowel height harmony (broadly construed). Note particularly the slope of a line connecting the back vowels which points roughly to the position of the central vowel /a/, similar to that seen in , Hubbard, K. Examples of the Rwanda JD61 strengthening of an underlying /u/ or /w/ into a velar stop after a non-homorganic nasal or stop are illustrated by the spectrograms in In Thomas-Vilakatis study, inserts with 96 electrodes were used, together with software allowing a sweep of the contact patterns to be made every 10 ms. Yaound: ALCAM, Unit de recherche linguistique et phontique, Institut des Sciences humaines. Lee Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. Pakendorf, B. J. Figure 3.31 , Laboissiere K. . (1988) Speaker Variation and Phonation Type in Tsonga. Lexical stems have a system of seven oral vowels but only five nasal vowels. L. J. (1969) Bantu Lexical Reconstructions. For instance, the number of High tones which may surface in a word or a stem may be limited to one and prominent peaks tend to occur in a predictable position, often the penult (Downing 2010). | Cookies Leiden: Brill. Brenzinger, M. (2009) NUGL Online: The Online Version of the New Updated Guthrie List, a Referential Classification of the Bantu Languages (4 Juni 2009) (Available online at. Baumbach, E. J. M. & Poulos, G. Focus in Bantu is often marked using morphosyntactic means rather than through the use of prosody (Downing & Hyman 2016, Downing & Rialland 2016b). Vol. J. Figure 3.14 Paper presented at the 46th Colloquium on African Languages and Linguistics, Leiden. Van de Velde and . Mbalangwe K401 has clicks, but whether it is a sociolect of Subiya K42 (Maho 1998: 51) or of Yeyi (Baumbach 1997: 307) is unclear. W. Cologne: Rdiger Kppe. Tlale Idiatov Paper presented at LSA Annual Meeting, January 133(2): 10431054. In Zulu S42, the phonetic effects of depressor consonants on pitch differ from pitch lowering effects caused by implosive consonants (Chen & Downing 2011). & Barbosa The context-free liberty to vary place of articulation of clicks in some Bantu languages is rarely encountered with other classes of consonants. Rialland, A. . Makasso, E.-M. It is noteworthy that none of the Bantu languages of East Africa appear to have acquired clicks from the surviving or former languages of this area with clicks (Maddieson et al. London: University College, University of London, PhD dissertation. 2016) and Fwe K402 (Gunnink 2016). Ejective stops and affricates are more rarely found in the Bantu languages, although they occur as variants of the unaspirated voiceless stops in languages of the South, especially in post-nasal contexts. & Meeussen, A. E. & Bakker, P. Figure 3.19 (2012) Acoustic Properties of Implosives in Bantu Mpiemo. Ndinga-Koumba-Binza Written by an international team of experts, this comprehensive volume presents grammatical analyses of individual Bantu languages, comparative studies of their main phonetic, phonological and grammatical characteristics and overview chapters on their history and classification. , Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 28(3): 176194. , UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics Shosted Much scholarly work has been done since the late 19th century to describe and classify the Bantu languages. Brockhaus. Hubbard, K. . From frame 150 through to frame 170 the contacted area moves back, so that the configuration at the moment of release is clearly post-alveolar. Dogil, G. Figure 3.35 Paper presented at the Annual Conference of African Linguistics 47, University of California, Berkeley. Demolin, D. M. Lengthened vowels are much closer in duration to underlying long vowels in Ganda JE15 than they are in Sukuma F21. (1998) Phonetic Assessment of Tone Spreading. Philippson, G. B. 2017), but they have not been documented in Namibian or Zambian varieties (Baumbach 1997: 311, Jacottet 1896). Maddieson (1959) A Grammar of Northern Transvaal Ndebele. Cologne: Rdiger Kppe. In The white horizontal lines indicate the width of the maximum constriction. , In Bemba M42, however, new information focus is indicated on a subject by its placement in post-verbal position and by pitch raising of the pre-focus constituent (Kula & Hamann 2016). Hombert Schulz, S. & South-West and South-East Bantu languages with clicks. . , (2002) Language-Specific Patterns of Vowel-to-Vowel Coarticulation: Acoustic Structures and Their Perceptual Correlates. A. (2015) The phonological systems of the Mbam languages of Cameroon with a focus on vowels and vowel harmony. , The East Ruvu Bantu Expand 1 PDF Studies in African Linguistics Volume 50 Number 2, 2021. Some speakers of Southern Ndebele S407 have a reduced click inventory (Schulz & Laine 2016). 11: 127149. In Spectrogram of Kwasio A81 /ko/ [k] to go spoken by a male speaker. Downing, L. J. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. The click in the word [ruoma] papyrus in Rous Kgler shows very clearly that independent tongue root adjustment does not contribute to the distinctions between any members of the front vowel set /i e /, nor the back vowel set /u o /. In the South-East, the core is formed by the languages of the Nguni group (S40), especially Xhosa S41, Zulu S42, Phuthi S404 and Zimbabwean Ndebele S44, which have between 12 and 15 click consonants; Swati S43 has fewer clicks (Doke 1954, Pakendorf et al. , & E. D. In (2007) Question Prosody: An African Perspective. Elmslie, W. A. (eds. (2013) Phonological Devoicing and Phonetic Voicing in Setswana. Schadeberg 10(4): 166172. F. (1999a) Downdrift and Pitch Range in Chichewa Intonation. Traill, A. The Bantu Languages, 2019. Fehn 36: 721734. . In Kalanga S16, on the other hand, the vowels are crowded into the upper part of the vowel space, with the front pair in particular being very close together. Roux Harare: University of Zimbabwe. Acoustic Correlates of Click Voicing in Whispered Speech. McCormack, P. Figure 3.3 (2015) Insights from the Field. Phonology UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics ), Prosodic Categories: Production, Perception and Comprehension, 243265. Proceedings of the North Eastern Linguistic Society Cambridge; Oxford: Blackwell. In languages which have lost the contrast, each TBU is both a syllable and a mora (and pre-consonantal nasals are typically non-syllabic). Figure 3.2 Mbochi C25, which does not have downdrift, still has final lowering due to a L% boundary tone (Rialland & Aborobongui 2016). Language Dynamics and Change Online publication date: January 2019. The waveform of an intervocalic bilabial implosive in Tonga S62 is shown in They form the largest branch of the Southern Bantoid languages.. Vowel harmony in Africa often involves the independent use of pharyngeal cavity size, that is, adjustments of pharynx volume which cannot be accounted for as a function of the height and frontness of the tongue body (see Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996 for discussion). Figure 3.2 B. The means are 248 Hz for /i/, 313 Hz for //, 277 Hz for /u/, and 334 Hz for //. In 2009b, Miller 2010, 2016). Sande ), The Bantu Languages, 639651. & (2016) Sentence Intonation in Tswana (Sotho-Tswana group). These closely related languages have been argued to violate a constraint against voiceless stops after nasals. The phonetic differences which exist between closely related languages provide opportunities for testing theories about phonological organisation. 60(4): 231260. Soquet Romero, J. The increasing availability of ultrasound and MRI technologies should lead to future studies examining the effect of prosodic environment on articulation. P. P. J. H. Updates? (1996) The Phonology and Morphology of Kimatuumbi. Studies in African Linguistics Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. Front closure durations are shown as heavily stippled bars. Figure 3.13 . In . One Bantu language, Swahili, is used as a lingua franca in East Africa by about 50 to 100 million people. T. C. Figure 3.9 Downing, L. J. Bond (2011) Articulatory and Acoustic Characteristics of Whistled Fricatives in Changana. (eds. Cologne: Rdiger Kppe. B. The F1 averages of // and // in Mbam languages is typically higher than that of /e/ and /o/. (2016) Posterior Lingual Gestures and Tongue Shape in Mangetti Dune !Xung Clicks. Leiden: Leiden University, PhD dissertation. Zulu S42 and Xhosa S41 have dental //, alveolar lateral // and apical post-alveolar // click types. Xhosa S41 vowel formant means (Roux & Holtzhausen 1989). This can be shown by calculating the average rate of pressure change over this phase of the click, which is 14.4 hPa/ms for post-alveolars, 7.9 for dentals, and 4.2 hPa/ms for laterals. In these words there is noticeably breathy phonation during part of the consonant and at the vowel onset which is transcribed as []. Bantu language family into 15 zones which he numbered alphabetically from A in the north-west to S in the south-east, omitting the letters I, J, O and Q in his . S. This study shows that the F0 associated with depressors is lower than a low tone, and the lowest pitch is centred on the depressor consonants themselves. Figure 3.25 (eds. Patin, C. Pretoria: J.L. 121(15): 21202152. Paper presented at Second World Congress of African Linguistics, Leipzig. , K. W. (2016) Illustrations of the IPA: Lusoga (Lutenga). Y. De Wit, G. UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics (eds. (2014). (2016) Click Loss, Variation and Acquisition in Two South African Ndebele Varieties. The click in the second syllable has a dorsal release that is closer in time to the release of the anterior click closure. Belgian Journal of Linguistics ), Proceedings of the 6th World Congress of African Linguistics, Cologne, 1721 August 2009, 219224. (2009) Preliminary Impressions from the Sociolinguistic Survey of the Jar Dialects. ), Proceedings of the 6th World Congress of African Linguistics Cologne 2009, 129140. Compare the spacing of Xhosa vowels with those of Kalanga S16, shown in The Swahili data collected (text and speech) was mainly the Standard Swahili that is of general use in official and learning. & Studies in African Linguistics Phonology (2014) Chain Shifts, Strident Vowels, and Expanded Vowel Spaces. Sands A wide range of means of marking question prosody have been noted for Bantu languages. A. Zsiga Bemba M42 short vowels /i e a o u/ tend to be lax compared to their long vowel counterparts /i e a o u/ (Hamann & Kula 2015): short high and mid vowels tend to be lower and more centralised than long ones, while /a/ is higher than /a/. & This pattern is typical of that found in vowel systems where the back series is distinguished by degrees of height with no other factors being significantly involved. Studies in African Linguistics Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. 2005, Allwood et al. ), Oxford Handbook of Information Structure, 790813. Naidoo 2007), which is auditorily reminiscent of a lateral click. 8s. M. R. A. (1980) The Depression Feature in Nguni Languages and Its Interaction with Tone. Definition "Bantu" means "people" in many Bantu languages. D. (2010) Coproduction and Coarticulation in IsiZulu Clicks. Louwrens However, breathiness is not an invariable accompaniment of depression as had been proposed by Rycroft (1980). Bailey The (post: 303) alveolar // clicks in Zulu S42 (Thomas-Vilakati 2010) and Xhosa S41 (Doke 1926: 303) are retracted in comparison to pulmonic alveolar consonants such as /t/ and /s/. & Waveform of the middle part of the Tonga S62 word // father, illustrating the increasing amplitude of voicing during the implosive. Figure 3.22 (eds. & Air pressure in the oral cavity is measured in relation to the ambient atmospheric pressure in hectoPascals (hPa, equivalent to the pressure required to support 1 cm of water). , it can be seen that in Xhosa S41 /e o/ are located almost equidistant from the high vowels /i u/ and the low vowel /a/. & Somewhat similar facts have been shown for the Zezuru S12 variety of Shona (Maddieson 1990). T. C. (2017) and Sands & Gunnink (forthcoming), both in terms of the number of contrastive click consonants, and in terms of the percentage of lexical items which contain clicks. Paper presented at Special Workshop on Areal Features and Linguistic Reconstruction, 47th Annual Conference on African Linguistics, 2326 March, 2016, University of California, Berkeley. However, internal developments and external influences create considerable diversity in consonantal and vocalic patterns. The segments labelled as implosives are sometimes described as if a glottal constriction is characteristic of their production. L. Nabirye, M. (2005) The Phonetics and Phonology of Sengwato, a Dialect of Setswana. This can be seen by the converging F2 and F3 transitions at the end of the first vowel, (as indicated by the arrow), which indicate a velar constriction. These, we argue, include complex lexicalizations consisting of a. , Phonetica (1990) Depression Without Depressors. L. Figure 3.17 The traditional Bantu (people) government is therefore a model to revisit and update, in this world where people feel abused by politics. Textes originaux, recueillis et traduits en Franais et prcds dune esquisse grammaticale. J. de Schryver Kim, S.-A. 45(1): 6169. , O. For example, in Chewa N31b, as is common cross-linguistically, the High pitch peak is realised at the end of the syllable to which it is associated (Kim 1998, Myers 1999a). Figure 3.10 Ziervogel, D. Berkeley: University of California, PhD dissertation. P. J. Pretoria: van Schaik. Kapule David The total number of Bantu languages is estimated at between 440 and 680 distinct languages . D. (eds. (2001) Corpus Applications for the African Languages, with Special Reference to Research, Teaching, Learning, and Software. Olson, K. S. 2017); from Nguni (primarily Zulu S42), they subsequently spread into other SEB languages (Letele 1945, Bailey 1995). Kolossa 88: 12861298. 2831, University of California, Berkeley. Doke, C. M. eBook ISBN: 9781315755946 Adobe Amsterdam; Philadelphia: John Benjamins. & Editor of. Clicks are marginal in Tswana S31 and Kgalagari S311, with the possible exception of the Shetjhauba variety of Kgalagari (Tlale 2005, Lukusa and Monaka 2008). Jessen, M. (1971) An Outline Structure of Southern Sotho. Gowlett, D. F. , Figure 3.4 (2005) Phonetic Analysis of Afrikaans, English, Xhosa and Zulu Using South African Speech Databases. In Nkuna S53D, Baumbach (1974) indicates that clicks are indifferently pronounced as dental or post-alveolar. Jackson (ed. ), Proceedings of the 6th World Congress of African Linguistics, Cologne, 1721 August 2009, 533543. M. (1931a) A Comparative Study of Shona Phonetics. 2(4): 685729. Secondly, it may mean that the intra-oral pressure is relatively low at the time when the closure is released so that at the moment of release the initial airflow is ingressive (Hardcastle & Brasington 1978). I. Figure 3.13 That is, the back non-low vowels are rounded, and the low and front vowels are unrounded. . Because the place of the dorsal closure is not contrastive, it is not necessary to indicate the (velar in this case) place before the click type symbol. S. New York: Harcourt Brace. (1904) Kingoni und Kisutu. & Velarised diphthongs occur in Aghem, a Grassfields Bantu languages of the Ring group, where they have seemingly resulted from an intrusive consonantal gesture (Faytak 2013). 2003), including several contrasts which are not found in other Bantu languages. Most strikingly, the high vowels /i u/ are placed lower than the mid vowels /e o/. , (1981) A Handbook of the Venda Language. Faytak, M. (2009a) Differences in Airstream and Posterior Place of Articulation Among Nuu Clicks. N. C. Special attention is paid to consonants with complex articulations, including clicks and the so-called whistling fricatives. It is hoped that the brief discussions of selected issues here will encourage more attention to be paid to phonetic aspects of these languages. (1995) On the Perception and Production of Tone in Xhosa. Note that a sloping line can be fit to the vowel set /u o a/ and a second roughly parallel lower one to the set / Source: Image made available by Gilles-Maurice de Schryver (cf. Bolzano: Bozen-Bolzano University Press. , When the sequence is voiced, as in /mg bg/, a quite marked central vocoid separates the two segments. & In L. M. & who has little or no knowledge of the Bantu languages with enough information to adequately understand the subsequent acquisition chapters. In C. Figure 3.16 Downing, L. J. Another nine-vowel Bantu language is Liko D201 (De Wit 2015: 45). Figure 3.24 (1996) Tonal Transfer in Chichewa. (2012) Introducing Kwasio Pharyngealized Vowels. Carleton These studies also address several issues in the relation between intonation and tone. Elderkin 25(3): 299356. Figure 3.20 Berkeley Linguistics Society Aspects of prosody to be covered here include: patterning of tones, phonetic implementation of tones, positional restrictions, intonation, focus prosody and question prosody. K. B. Mbuub Gieseke, S. . Journal of Phonetics Source: Mid-sagittal MRI scans of isolated vowels, made available by Didier Demolin. Namibian Yeyi is described as having 19 click consonants (Gowlett 1997: 257), while Botswana Yeyi speakers vary, having as few as 12 or as many as 22 distinct click consonants (Fulop et al.

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