gender wage gap conflict theory

Marketing Research Methods in SAS. In many countries around the world, including the United States of America, we question and raised concerns about a womens place in male dominated world whether its a work place, at home or in public., But even when they feel powerless, unlike women, men feel entitled to power (59). (2009, 2014). Moreover, the comparisons between different subpopulations are based on cross-sectional data. doi: 10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60108-2, Adriaans, J, Sauer, C., and Wrohlich, K. (2020). Hypothesis 1. A first version of this paper was presented at the Conference of the American Sociological Association in 2011 in Las Vegas (Regular Session: How Do Organizations Bring Markets Back In? The gender pay gap can refer to differences in mean or median annual earnings, weekly earnings, or hourly wage. Econ. Male and female observers assigned higher just earnings to male recipients. Amer. The hypothesis refers to the question of the existence of a just gender pay gap. Sauer, C. (2014b). doi: 10.2307/2095066, Jasso, G. (1986). By relying on human capital theory, traditional gender roles and (2009). The analysis sample consists of 1,411 respondents3. Gender pay gap 20062018, in WSI GenderDatenPortal. The factorial survey as a method for measuring sensitive issues, in Improving Survey Methods: Lessons From Recent Research, eds U. Engel, B. Jann, P. Lynn, A. Scherpenzeel, and P. Sturgis (New York, NY: Routledge), 137149. (1982). Understanding international differences in the gender pay gap. 50, 822839. The independent variables are the five dimensions of gender (1 = male), age, education (dummy coded as follows: ref = without vocational degree; 1 = vocational degree; and 2 = university degree), occupation, and gross earnings. Nevertheless, many high-positioned, wealthy and powerful men can and are willing to help women in coping and improving this situation. The conflict theory comes from the work of Karl Marx where there are different kinds of groups competing for dominance. Moreover, it was not possible for the respondents to skip vignettes. Gender differences in the initiation of negotiations: a meta-analysis. Read the following thought experiment from Philippa Foot and then answers the questions that follow: "Let us consider [] a pair of cases which I shall call Rescue I and Rescue II. These results are similar to where the pay gap stood in doi: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2018.10.013. 144, 198222. This possibility was introduced in the description of the vignette task immediately before the first vignette. Bad Ems: Statistisches Landesamt Rheinland-Pfalz. The effect is significantly negative, meaning that the larger the gender pay gap in the federal state was, the larger the gender pay gap produced by respondents' ratings. As in the previous model, the effect of the gender dimension is negative, indicating rating behavior preferring male recipients. Sociol. 81, 11611189. Health Econ. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. DFG Research Center (SFB) 882 From Heterogeneities to Inequalities (Bielefeld University). To illustrate the differences in evaluations between samples and male and female respondents the transformed b-coefficients estimated in Equation (5) will be presented in Figure 3. Internationally comparable measures of occupational status for the 1988 international standard classification of occupations. Sauer, C. (2014a). The first population survey (population sample 1) was carried out in 2009 and consisted of randomly sampled respondents 18 years of age and older who were interviewed via computer-assisted personal interviews or self-administered interviews (paper and pencil or web interviews). Friedrich Engels, a Germansociologist, studied family structure and gender roles from aMarxistperspective. The gap stems from prejudice against women workers, resulting in women receiving less pay than men do for the same work. Germany, for example, recently introduced a national minimum wage to tackle its stubborn gender wage gap of 22.4 per cent. WebThis research report explores the gender pay gap, which is defined as the difference between the average hourly pay of men and women. According to conflict theory, society is defined by a struggle for dominance among social groups that compete for scarce resources. The problem is described in greater detail in Sauer et al. Let's start with Structural Functionalism. Structural aspects of distributive justice: a status value formulation, in Sociological Theories in Progress, Vol. WebConflict Theory Conflict academics do nope believe that public schools reduces social inequality through providing equal opportunity. Methods effects in factorial surveys: an analysis of respondents' comments, interviewers' assessments, and response behavior. The D-efficiency for all vignette samples was above 90 (ranging from 0 to 100). In the population surveys, both men and women showed a rating behavior favoring male employees. As these findings were replicated with two independent surveys, it is likely that these are reliable results. Usually, the official statistics reporting the unadjusted gender pay gap use the arithmetic mean or the median of hourly or monthly wages of men and women. Res. Empirically, this is the first study that compares student samples and population samples using similar tools to detect gender biases that allow for the testing of differences for the first time. Experience-based gender bias questions the appropriateness of the accountability principle usually used to identify the fairness of individual negotiations. Produced by Mooj Zadie , Luke Vander Ploeg and Clare Toeniskoetter. In the context of gender, conflict theory argues that gender is best understood as men attempting to maintain power and privilege to the detriment of women. The gender gap pay is an analysis of the stratification of the intersection based on gender. The vignettes of this study consisted of fictitious employees working full time (40 h per week). The idea is that there is nothing wrong associated with accepting men to give empowerment to women and moreover women need men as much as women need another women., In this environment, the most that women could do was to raise their sons to be better than their fathers, but because of the power that they held in society, men were able and willing to perpetuate these roles and conventions since they were so beneficial to them. Written informed consent for participation was not required for this study in accordance with the national legislation and the institutional requirements. KZfSS Klner Zeitschrift fr Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie 63, 3359. KEY POINTS Conflict theory asserts that social problems occur when dominant groups mistreat subordinate ones, and thus advocates for a balance of power between genders. In a subpopulation in which men earn on average more than women, it is likely that male and female observers will produce a just gender pay gap within their evaluations favoring male recipients. Sociol. The third model in Table 6 provides the coefficients for population sample 2. Available online at: https://www.wsi.de/data/wsi-gdp-entgelt-2019-06-11-01.pdf, Hole, A. R. (2007). Status characteristics divide trait carriers into status-high and status-low individuals and entitle status-high individuals to receive higher rewards. doi: 10.2307/2095065. Equation (4) was used to estimate the three models presented in Table 6. ^The data on the average earnings of full-time employees are provided by the Federal Employment Agency (Frank and Grimm, 2010, p. 14). Third, the respondents stated the level of injustice on a 100-point scale. To test the hypotheses stated above, it is necessary to first obtain heterogeneous respondent groups who experience varying degrees of gender inequality. It is assumed that the gender gap in just wages found in earlier studies (Jasso and Webster, 1997; Jann, 2008) occurred because gender had a status value, dividing people into status-low and status-high groups. College Station, TX: Stata Press. First, all interviews in the SOEP-Pretest are programmed as computer-assisted personal interviews, in contrast to the paper and pencil questionnaires mostly used in the main survey. To detect gender biases in justice attitudes, it is necessary to first use a method that allows to find gender gaps. The results show that social sciences students revealed no gender bias in their evaluations. The respondents' justice judgments of gross earnings were obtained using two different rating procedures. Thus, the referential structure of individuals in an unequal population is likely to have a gender bias favoring men. Gender Differences in Social Interaction, 24. This research has limitations. doi: 10.1006/ssre.1996.0010, Gatskova, K. (2013). 84, 339349. An example of a vignette used is shown in Figure 1. Rev. Available online at: https://www.statistik.rlp.de/fileadmin/dokumente/monatshefte/2010/Juni/06-2010-440.pdf, Schupp, J. The gender pay gap can be measured in three key ways: by hourly earnings, weekly earnings, and annual income. 7, 227244. Additional analyses with all respondentsnot restricted to employed respondentssimilar to those presented in Table 8 revealed mixed results. Inequity and Social Exchange, ed L. Berkowitz (London, UK: Academic Press), 267299. Acta Sociol. Past and future applications of Jasso's justice theory. The investigation of gender bias in earnings is important not only for justice research but also, more generally, for labor market sociology, as these biased attitudes have consequences for the actual behavior of labor market participants. - Argues Time to Move Beyond "Gender Is Socially Constructed", Michael Mascolo Ph.D. , https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/old-school-parenting-modern-day-families/201907/time-move-beyond-gender-is-socially-constructed, 13. Die Bewertung von Erwerbseinkommen Methodische und inhaltliche Analysen zu einer Vignettenstudie im Rahmen des SOEP-Pretest 2008. This study investigates the gender bias in justice evaluations by linking it to the inequality structure in which people are embedded. Figure 1 shows the long-run trends in the gender pay gap over the 1955-2014 period based on two Each vignette provided information on at least the gender, age, education, and occupation of the recipient described, among other dimensions in more complex vignettes, together with gross earnings. For women of colour, immigrant women, and women with children, the difference is even greater. Bull. The following sections briefly describe the respondent samples and provide an overview of the factorial surveys and additional variables used and the analysis technique employed. The fact that male and female respondents showed equal evaluation patterns is in line with findings in previous factorial survey research using a population sample (Jasso and Webster, 1997). The just gender pay gap in Germany revisited: The male breadwinner model and regional differences in gender-specific role ascriptions. SOEPpaper No. Multiple linear regression of justice evaluations of vignettes on vignette dimensions and gender of respondent by sample. To test the robustness of the results of the models presented above, Table 9 shows the pooled analysis of the differences between the student and the population samples with restricted samples. Soc. College Station, TX: StataCorp LP. The resource endowment (income and performance) was uncorrelated with gender, and it is therefore likely that gender has no attached status value in the referential structure. A just gender pay gap? The results are presented in Table 8. WebAccording to conflict theory, society is a struggle for dominance among social groups (like women versus men) that compete for scarce resources. There exist large regional differences in gender pay gaps across federal states. The social sciences students are embedded in a structural context in which relevant resources are not (or less) correlated with gender, and therefore, gender is unlikely to become a status characteristic in their daily interactions. Sociol. Here's What Women Make Compared to This involves examining your own payroll data for evidence of a gender pay gap, and making recommendations to senior management about ways to lower gender barriers in recruitment, hiring, pay and promotion before they arise as Gender theory and theorizing universities as gendered organizations provides the theoretical framework of the study. If men are more likely to be resource-rich and women are more likely to be resource-poor, observers attach higher status to male recipients and assign higher earnings to the high-status group even though the recipients do not differ in other characteristics. doi: 10.1111/ecin.12060, Dlmer, H. (2007). Sociol. The gender gap in pay has remained relatively stable in the United States over the past 20 years or so. We have this belief as a society that men are better than women. The graph highlights the different evaluation patterns between participants of the student sample and those of the two population samples. Population sample 2 used a three-stage rating task. Q. WebConflict theory will always exist in the gender wage inequality as long as men believe that they are better than women. If this is true, the difference between students and general populations reported in previous studies should still be detectable with more recent data, and the differences should be generalizable to other subpopulations that are prone to higher or lower gender inequality. These results are similar to where the pay gap stood in 3 In 2022, Black women earned 70% as much as White men and Hispanic women earned only 65% as much. While gender inequality is manifested in the German labor market, the situation is somewhat different for university students, especially social sciences students. WebThe Gender Conflict theory is essentially Marxist in nature, where the male figures are positioned at the upper echelon and the female figures are at the lower part. University of Maryland, University College, Sociological Research on Gender Pay Gap.docx, Social Problems Of Poverty and Inequality.edited.docx, Assignment 2 - Sociological Imagination and the Future of Work/Education. 51, 123143. The gender gap in pay has remained relatively stable in the United States over the past 20 years or so. The assumption is that contexts shape justice attitudes, meaning that students and employees change their attitudes as they come into other contexts. ^In the computer-assisted personal interviews, additional information was collected about the interviewer, e.g., work experience and training attendance, and the interview situations in interviewer questionnaires after each interview. The only exception is the gender of the vignette persons, which was not important for students but crucial for the respondents in the two population samples. The second column of Table 5 shows the pay gaps by federal state. In 2022, women earned an average of 82% of what men earned, according to a new Pew Research Center analysis of median hourly earnings of both full- and part-time workers. Sociol. Post-Commun. Thus, people in Germany experience remarkable gender inequality in pay over the life course when they participate in the labor market. University students' perceptions of gender discrimination in the workplace: reality versus fiction. The objective of these pretests is to test new modules and modifications of questions. Learn more about how Pressbooks supports open publishing practices. A new representation of the just term in distributive-justice theory: its properties and operation in theoretical derivation and empirical estimation. The data of the population sample 1, the student sample etc. Future research could delve deeper into gender differences by taking into account family structures, motherhood (England et al., 2016), and household responsibilities. 42, 639651. Soc. The experienced structural inequalities between men and women affect justice attitudes toward gender. Thus, status characteristics that refer to categorical differences, abilities or inputs are relevant for the observer to estimate the just earnings C of a recipient. This indicates that respondents reward seniority and potential work experience. While certaingender rolesmay have been appropriate in ahunter-gatherersociety, conflict theorists argue that the only reason these roles persist is because the dominant group naturally works to maintain their power andstatus. In all Western countries, levels of pay between men and women are only slowly becoming closer (Blau and Kahn, 2003, 2006). The study assumed that actual gender inequalities lead to biased referential structures that typically associate men with higher earnings. Again, the rating pattern was similar for male and female respondents (2 = 0.52;p = 0.472). The factorial survey (Auspurg and Hinz, 2014) is a method that permits the detection of gender biases [and more generally sensitive topics, Auspurg et al. 28, 415434. The contemporary, Gender Wage Inequality And Conflict Theory. The effect of the SIOPS has a significantly negative value, meaning that those vignette persons described by working in occupations with higher prestige scores were evaluated as more under-rewarded than those with lower scores (occupation status reward). doi: 10.1146/annurev.soc.26.1.21. Note that alternative estimation with maximum-likelihood estimators leads to the same results. This procedure ensures that potential method effects such as learning and fatigue (Sauer et al., 2011) are uncorrelated with substantive contents of the vignettes. Rossi, P. H., and Anderson, B. Rev. Surv. Influence of Women - Student Specific Content Learning Outcomes, 32. Liebig, S., and Sauer, C. (2016). The university student survey (hereafter the student sample) was conducted during the summer term in 2008.

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