- 7. Mai 2023
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The group paid $20 maintained that the experiment was boring. Festinger believed that people want balance in their lives and that cognitive dissonance was a way to bring back a lost sense of balance. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Observers coded group discussion behaviours. Leon Festinger. In Extending Psychological Frontiers: Selected Works of Leon Festinger, edited by Stanley Schachter and Michael Gazzaniga. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. The discomfort you might feel by acting in a way that goes against something you believe in is cognitive dissonance. A quantitative theory of decision. Festinger, L., Riecken, H. W., & Schachter, S. (1956). (April 27, 2023). For the next several years he made his living teaching at different universities until he went to Stanford in 1955. Essentially, Festinger explained, all people hold certain beliefs, and when they are asked to do something that runs counter to their beliefs, conflict arises. Festinger infiltrated the Seekers in 1953 so he could observe the group up close. Leon Festinger (Psychologist Biography) | Practical Psychology Festinger himself conducted two experiments in prestige and suggestibility for his honors thesis, looking at subjects suggestibility as a function of their tendency toward stabilizing decision estimates (1939). The inconsistency causes an uneasy feeling, called dissonance. With over 2 million YouTube subscribers, over 500 articles, and an annual reach of almost 12 million students, it has become one of the most popular sources of psychological information. Cognitive dissonance soon became an important and much-discussed theory. Practical Psychology began as a collection of study material for psychology students in 2016, created by a student in the field. ' for 24 hours is shown" '+ In 1968, he left Stanford for The New School in New York City, where he conducted research on the visual system and perception. Pressures toward uniformity of performance in groups. Festinger attended Boys' High School in Brooklyn, and received his BS degree in psychology from the City College of New York in 1939. His contributions to SAGE Publications's. Half of the subjects were paid $1 to do this, and half were paid $20 to do this. 169170. Maybe you had a chicken sandwich, but you decide that eating chicken is okay, it's just cows you need to avoid. Samelson, Franz. His father, an embroidery manufacturer, had "left Russia a radical and atheist and remained faithful to these views throughout his life. Morvan, C., & OConnor, A. J. MASLOW, ABRAHAM Biographical Memoirs, 64, 98-110. With customary dynamism, Festinger sought out colleagues in his new fields of interest, much as he drew together colleagues and students in his years of experimental research, including, during his early years, the well-remembered Tuesday Night Meeting or the Lewin-style Quasselstrippe, weekly meetings wholly given to collaborating on research (Patnoe, 1988). He and his wife Sara were self-educated. Festinger, L. (1959a). International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. Festinger developed a few propositions to explain what would become the theory of cognitive dissonance. Leon Festinger As a result, he did not take a single social psychology course and chose instead to focus on Lewins earlier work. Komoda, M. K., Festinger, L., & Sherry, J. Very few small discoveries turn out to be important over the years; things that would have sent me jumping and shouting in my youth now left me calm and judgmental. And even worse we do not seem to have been working on many of the important problems (Festinger, 1983, p. ix). Festinger was born in Brooklyn New York on May 8, 1919 to Russian-Jewish immigrants Alex Festinger and Sara Solomon Festinger. What would it take for you to change them? Festinger, L. (1961). Comparisons in economic thought: Economic interdependency reconsidered. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. As Festinger himself wryly reflected, technically my PhD is in child psychologyalthough I never saw a child (Patnoe, 1988, p. 252). Over the ensuing decade, research replicating and extending earlier findings, as well as conceptual clarifications, notably by Elliot Aronson, effectively rebutted these critiques. Festingers initial interest in social psychology was sparked by accident. Cognitive dissonance is the psychological tension people experience when they become aware of discrepancies between two of their cognitions (e.g., thoughts, beliefs, attitudes, plans, and knowledge about their behavior). The publicly stated belief will be held onto and given more importance. Leon Festinger - Wikipedia "Festinger, 1980, p. 237 It was also at MIT that Festinger began his foray into social communication and pressures in groups that marked a turning point in his own research. Although precedents for this ambitious research program existed in earlier work by Lewin and the Turkish-born social psychologist Muzafer Sherif, Festinger magnified the experimenters role as playwright and stage director. In the late 1950s, two psychologists, Leon Festinger and James M. Carlsmith, did a cognitive dissonance experiment on what they called forced compliance. The theory of cognitive dissonance was first published in 1957. Amazing and Extraordinary NFT and Crypto-Savvy Kids and Teenagers who are Top 5 Extraordinary young language geniuses (polyglots) that would surprise and Allyn, J., & Festinger, L. (1961). New York: Springer-Verlag, 1988. Festingers work on dissonance theory was the target of a number of critiques in the early 1960s. Learn about Leon Festinger's theory of cognitive dissonance, read the cognitive dissonance experiment, and see examples. A theory of cognitive dissonance. When a person's behavior or beliefs change in response to cognitive dissonance, the term to describe this phenomenon is called dissonance reduction. If the belief that eating meat is wrong is difficult to change, then you can stop eating meat, maintaining your belief and reducing dissonance by changing your action. Festinger also did work on statistics, and, in his own words, even strayed to doing a study using laboratory rats (Festinger, 1980, p. 237). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. Psychological Statistics. In addition to challenging the dominance of behaviorism, Festinger spearheaded the use of scientific experimentation in social psychology. Following his 1983 publication of The Human Legacy, Festinger pursued questions in the history of religion, moving outside his field once more to medieval and Byzantine history. It begins with the idea of cognitions. Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. The Loneliness of the Interconnected - Archive [sic] seemed to us all to be momentous, ground breaking, the new beginning of something important. ' for 24 hours is shown" '+ 4 (1957): 8992. This was the question asked by a social psychologist named Leon Festinger in a book of the same title. The smaller the functional distance, the more likely it is that people will bump into one another. Festinger, L. (1950). Second, once we become aware of this inconsistency, it will cause dissonance and, depending on how uncomfortable we are, we'll work to resolve this dissonance. When we notice that another individual is better than we are in a particular area of ability, we attempt to improve our performance level. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. Learn about cognitive dissociation. However, the date of retrieval is often important. - Definition & Exercises, Cognitive-Behavior Modification Approach by Meichenbaum, Embodied Cognition: Definition, Theory & Experiments, Cognitive Inhibition: Definition & Example, Cognitive Psychotherapy: Types & Techniques, Collective Memory: Definition, History & Theory, Diminished Capacity in Psychology: Definition & Examples, Memory Reconsolidation: Definition, Theory & Example, Memory Span: Definition, Measurement & Examples, Memory Suppression: Definition & Techniques, What is Lateral Thinking? Magazine editors often capitalize on peoples drive for social comparison in order to attract and engage readers. Usually, a state of dissonance is induced by having individuals engage in an activity that conflicts with some undesirable behavior or attitude on their part. Within two years of its publication, research studies on cognitive dissonance began to fill journals of experimental social psychology, and after a decade, reached three hundred separate, published, theoretical, critical and/or research publications (Margolis, 1969, p. 923). Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. ), Theories in social psychology (pp. xivxv Theories like cognitive dissonance could not be explained in behaviorist terms. But after this, some of the participants were asked to tell the next group of people that the task was very exciting and interesting, even though it was boring. document.write('Leon Festinger: Biography & Cognitive Dissonance Theory After completing the tasks, participants were asked to rate how exciting they found the task to be. Festinger, L. (1959b). On resistance to persuasive communications. Wish, Expectation, and Group Performance as Factors Influencing Level of Aspiration. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 37 (1942): 184200. A. In one study, patients who were exposed to others who were managing their pain well reported feeling less pain. Behavioral support for opinion change. Cognitive dissonance may occur when (1) a person has to decide something, (2) when there is forced compliance, or (3) when something requires effort to achieve. Their study of Westgate housing offered a social ecology of group and friendship formation; people living close to or coming into frequent informal contact with one another (mail room, stairwell, etc.) Information could be written, verbal, opinions, behavior, actions, feelings, objects, or anything else received from the external environment. With Henry W. Riecken and Stanley Schachter. For example, if someone decided never to eat candy bars because they are unhealthy, but then ate one with a friend, they might try to reduce their cognitive dissonance by deciding it is okay to a eat candy bar with friends. 12 (1959): 784793. Instead they came up with different ways to rationalize their beliefs (reducing their cognitive dissonance). Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. 2023
