- 7. Mai 2023
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Road networks improved greatly in the period, using the Macadam method pioneered by Scottish engineer John Loudon McAdam, and hard surfaced roads were built around the time of the bicycle craze of the 1890s. [104] There were many spin offs from researchsuch as the pharmaceutical industry, which emerged from chemical research. Early 20th-century films like Fritz Langs sci-fi dystopia Metropolis or Charlie Chaplins assembly line comedy Modern Times capture this fear of the factory worker as a human robot. Frank J. Sprague developed the first successful DC motor in 1886. The basic model of ownership of industry also underwent a major innovation during the Second Industrial Revolution. Since rural areas were now connected to large urban markets by a well-developed transportation network, unavoidable crop failures no longer doomed them to poverty. Hofmann headed a school of practical chemistry in London, under the style of the Royal College of Chemistry, introduced modern conventions for molecular modeling and taught Perkin who discovered the first synthetic dye. Using the documents in this primary source set, students can create a timeline of important events in the Industrial Revolution. and Brian Harrison. Justus von Liebig was the first to understand the importance of ammonia as fertilizer, and promoted the importance of inorganic minerals to plant nutrition. The Second Industrial Revolution was a period of rapid industrial development, primarily in the United Kingdom, Germany and the United States, but also in France, the Low Countries, Italy and Japan. Factories produced sewing machines for home use, steel girders for skyscrapers and railroad tracks that cut through the plains and mountains. Use this chart to compare the effects of the revolution on the North, South, West, and Midwest. Carruthers, George. The theoretical and practical basis for the harnessing of electric power was laid by the scientist and experimentalist Michael Faraday. Not only did the longer sections of steel rails allow for tracks to be laid far faster, more powerful locomotives, which could pull longer trains, which greatly increased the productivity of the railroads. Businesses in practically every industry suffered from lengthy periods of low and falling profit rates and price deflation after 1873. Improvements in steam engine design and the wide availability of cheap steel meant that slow, sailing ships were replaced with faster steamship, which could handle more trade with smaller crews. The division of labor made both unskilled and skilled labor more productive, and led to a rapid growth of population in industrial centers. [23][24] Swan's lightbulb had already been used in 1879 to light Mosley Street, in Newcastle upon Tyne, the first electrical street lighting installation in the world. [6], It was Italian inventor Guglielmo Marconi who successfully commercialized radio at the turn of the century. [33] During the 1840s through 1860s, this standard was often used in the United States and Canada as well, in addition to myriad intra- and inter-company standards. Even though the second Industrial Revolution of machinery had a beneficial impact on the US economy in the late 1800s and early 1900s, it was limited, and the lack of government regulation essentially hurt the country's development as a whole. The key development of the vacuum tube by Sir John Ambrose Fleming in 1904 underpinned the development of modern electronics and radio broadcasting. ADVERTISEMENTS: After reading this article you will learn about Industrial Revolution:- 1. This greatly reduced the infection and death rates from many diseases. [3], The concept was introduced by Patrick Geddes, Cities in Evolution (1910), and was being used by economists such as Erich Zimmermann (1951),[4] but David Landes' use of the term in a 1966 essay and in The Unbound Prometheus (1972) standardized scholarly definitions of the term, which was most intensely promoted by Alfred Chandler (19182007). This led to the reorganization of railroads into different departments with clear lines of management authority. [80] From the 1850s until 1911, British submarine cable systems dominated the world system. With World War I on the horizon by 1912, steel made it possible to build larger, stronger, and more powerful warships, tanks, and guns. The revolution in naval design led to the first modern battleships in the 1870s, evolved from the ironclad design of the 1860s. Major innovations occurred in the post-war era, some of which are: computers, semiconductors, the fiber optic network and the Internet, cellular telephones, combustion turbines (jet engines) and the Green Revolution. Download Free Worksheet View answer key Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Combined with these, the development of machines controlled by rudimentary computers, gave rise to automated production. [65] The unification of light and electrical phenomena led to the prediction of the existence of radio waves and was the basis for the future development of radio technology by Hughes, Marconi and others.[66]. Penn also introduced the trunk engine for driving screw propellers in vessels of war. The three major firms had also integrated upstream into the production of essential raw materials and they began to expand into other areas of chemistry such as pharmaceuticals, photographic film, agricultural chemicals and electrochemical. [14] His process was especially valuable on the continent of Europe, where the proportion of phosphoric iron was much greater than in England, and both in Belgium and in Germany the name of the inventor became more widely known than in his own country. Iron caused problems with expansion and contraction, which stressed the iron and caused failure. While some historians quibble over the exact boundary between the First Industrial Revolution, that began inthe mid-18th century, and the second, that started aroundthe mid-19th century, a primary difference is that the second saw the beginning of mass production in manufacturing and consumer goods. Conversely, the states in the South with the best actual rates of employment, North Carolina and Georgia, had roughly 2 percent less of the workforce than one would expect from their population. The science was continually improved and evolved into an engineering discipline. HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate. It has been followed by the Third Industrial Revolution in which digital communications technology and the internet changed how we transmit information, do business and interact with each other. [90], Improvements in steam efficiency, like triple-expansion steam engines, allowed ships to carry much more freight than coal, resulting in greatly increased volumes of international trade. It was the first automobile entirely designed as such to generate its own power, not simply a motorized-stage coach or horse carriage. [42] Drake's well touched off a major boom in oil production in the United States. When the telegraph became available, companies built telegraph lines along the railroads to keep track of trains. [45], Synthetic dye was discovered by English chemist William Henry Perkin in 1856. The salt domes also held natural gas, which some wells produced and which was used for evaporation of the brine. The AC motor (Induction motor) was developed in the 1890s and soon began to be used in the electrification of industry. With the introduction of cheaper paper, schoolbooks, fiction, non-fiction, and newspapers became gradually available by 1900. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! Built on an unprecedented scale and pioneering the use of high voltage (10,000V) alternating current, it generated 800 kilowatts and supplied central London. For the magazine, see. [19] Rail became the dominant form of transport infrastructure throughout the industrialized world,[20] producing a steady decrease in the cost of shipping seen for the rest of the century.[18]. This idea of good hygiene was attractive to people, and also let people live longer and reproduce more, increasing the population. Print. The Second Industrial Revolution affected the regions of the United States differently. In 1924 2 million T-Fords were produced and retailed $290 each.[61]. At the same time, ideas and news spread via newspapers, the radio and telegraph. The Industrial Revolution gave way to a sustainable economy, in which supply equaled demand. By the late 1700s many people could no longer earn their living in the countryside. [52] The oscillating engine was first built by Aaron Manby and Joseph Maudslay in the 1820s as a type of direct-acting engine that was designed to achieve further reductions in engine size and weight. James Clerk Maxwell wrote a paper mathematically analyzing the actions of governors, which marked the beginning of the formal development of control theory. It was in the 1840s, that Charles Fenerty in Nova Scotia and Friedrich Gottlob Keller in Saxony both invented a successful machine which extracted the fibres from wood (as with rags) and from it, made paper. Evelyn_Farbman. The 3rd most important reason was the effective sewage system and cleaner water. Wilson, Arthur (1994). It featured wire wheels (unlike carriages' wooden ones)[59] with a four-stroke engine of his own design between the rear wheels, with a very advanced coil ignition [60] and evaporative cooling rather than a radiator. By 1890, the figure had fallen to under 10% and the vast majority of the British population was urbanized. The first commercially available steel rails in the US were manufactured in 1867 at the Cambria Iron Works in Johnstown, Pennsylvania. As a far more durable and readily available material, steel soon replaced iron as the standard for railroad rails. [103], By 1900 the German chemical industry dominated the world market for synthetic dyes. [35], The first paper making machine was the Fourdrinier machine, built by Sealy and Henry Fourdrinier, stationers in London. Causes of Industrial Revolution 2. "Toronto Metal Workers and the Second Industrial Revolution, 18891914,", This page was last edited on 1 May 2023, at 08:04. Burger, Peter. On its completion in 1891 it supplied high-voltage AC power that was then "stepped down" with transformers for consumer use on each street. The causes of the Second Industrial Revolution were: Natural resources (coal,iron, oil) Abundant Labor Supply (immigration) Strong Government Policy (Laissez Faire) New Sources of Power ( electricity,petroleum,steel) Railroads American Inventors and Inventions Your welcome. However, those governors were sluggish and oscillated about the set point. It remains the world's most efficient prime mover. It became the leading steel making process by the early 20th century. Higher steam engine efficiency caused the number of steam engines to increase several fold, leading to an increase in coal usage, the phenomenon being called the Jevons paradox. What Caused the Second Industrial Revolution? Increasingly, people moved from farms and villages into bigger towns and cities to find work in factories. The Industrial Revolution, which began in the mid-1700s and lasted into the mid-1800s, was similarly a revolutionary experience. However, some continue to express reservations about its use. The origins of the Industrial Revolution Part of History The Industrial Revolution Key points The Industrial Revolution, which took place between 1750 - 1900, was a period of great change in. Longley, Robert. The Cowper stove was also capable of producing high heat, which resulted in very high throughput of blast furnaces. After the discovery of mauveine, many new aniline dyes appeared (some discovered by Perkin himself), and factories producing them were constructed across Europe. ThoughtCo, Dec. 6, 2021, thoughtco.com/second-industrial-revolution-overview-5180514. Recent flashcard sets. Up to that time, propellers were literally screws, of considerable length. [6], A synergy between iron and steel, railroads and coal developed at the beginning of the Second Industrial Revolution. Sorby pioneered the study of iron and steel under microscope, which paved the way for a scientific understanding of metal and the mass-production of steel. Charles Fenerty and his Paper Invention. The chemical industries also moved to the forefront. Its main advantages were that it did not expose the steel to excessive nitrogen (which would cause the steel to become brittle), it was easier to control, and that it permitted the melting and refining of large amounts of scrap steel, lowering steel production costs and recycling an otherwise troublesome waste material. [101], In the early 1900s there was a disparity between the levels of employment seen in the northern and southern United States. [92], Like the first industrial revolution, the second supported population growth and saw most governments protect their national economies with tariffs. [69] Control theory was developed to analyze the functioning of centrifugal governors on steam engines. In England, he attempted to implement his theories commercially through a fertilizer created by treating phosphate of lime in bone meal with sulfuric acid. The diesel engine was independently designed by Rudolf Diesel and Herbert Akroyd Stuart in the 1890s using thermodynamic principles with the specific intention of being highly efficient. What were the causes and effects of the Second Industrial Revolution in Western Europe? The Devastation-class turret ships were built for the British Royal Navy as the first class of ocean-going capital ship that did not carry sails, and the first whose entire main armament was mounted on top of the hull rather than inside it. By the 1870s superphosphates produced in those factories, were being shipped around the world from the port at Ipswich.[71][72]. Germany invested more heavily than the British in research, especially in chemistry, motors and electricity. This meant that products were cheaper to make and also cheaper to buy. Products More Affordable 2. Perhaps the most tragic negative aspect of the Second Industrial Revolution was the growth of unregulated child labor. Steuart, William M. Abstract of the Census of Manufactures, 1914 .. Washington: Govt. In America, although non-phosphoric iron largely predominated, an immense interest was taken in the invention.[14]. Great swaths of land that had once whispered grass now screamed corn and wheat.". #2 - Second Industrial Revolution In this nonfiction reading and writing activity, students will explore cause and effect, especially as it relates to the industrial revolution. The science of thermodynamics was developed into its modern form by Sadi Carnot, William Rankine, Rudolf Clausius, William Thomson, James Clerk Maxwell, Ludwig Boltzmann and J. Willard Gibbs. Machines greatly increased production. They continued to be drivers of the economy until after WWII. However, his enterprise was unsuccessful due to the prohibitive cost at the time.[36][37][38]. The second most important reason was the improvements in health in sanitation. His work has appeared in WIRED, National Geographic, The Washington Post and others. Hull, James O. [88], Railroads involved complex operations and employed extremely large amounts of capital and ran a more complicated business compared to anything previous. The Second Industrial Revolution. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/second-industrial-revolution-overview-5180514. This synergy led to the laying of 75,000 miles of track in the U.S. in the 1880s, the largest amount anywhere in world history.[7]. They also needed to keep track of cars, which could go missing for months at a time. [56] Dunlop's development of the pneumatic tyre arrived at a crucial time in the development of road transport and commercial production began in late 1890. The increase in mechanization required more metal parts, which were usually made of cast iron or wrought ironand hand working lacked precision and was a slow and expensive process. In 1886, the first DC (direct current) electric motor was developed, and by 1920, it powered passenger railways in many cities. Test. https://www.thoughtco.com/second-industrial-revolution-overview-5180514 (accessed May 2, 2023). Longley, Robert. The oxidation also raises the temperature of the iron mass and keeps it molten. Massive improvements in public health and sanitation resulted from public health initiatives, such as the construction of the London sewerage system in the 1860s and the passage of laws that regulated filtered water supplies(the Metropolis Water Act introduced regulation of the water supply companies in London, including minimum standards of water quality for the first time in 1852). When social activist Jane Addams threw a Christmas party at the group home she had just founded in Chicagos slums in 1889, she passed out candy to the impoverished girls who lived there. Factory employees did not earn much, and the work was often dangerous. The voracious appetite for capital of the great trunk railroads facilitated the consolidation of the nation's financial market in Wall Street. The boat was built at Tipton using temporary bolts, disassembled for transportation to London, and reassembled on the Thames in 1822, this time using permanent rivets. Embargo Act of 1807. The girls said they worked long hours in a candy factory and couldnt stand the sight or smell of it. Other major components of this infrastructure were the new methods for manufacturing steel, especially the Bessemer process. By 1900, the process of economic concentration had extended into most branches of industrya few large corporations, some organized as "trusts" (e.g. Where and when did the Industrial Revolution take place? [52] See also: Long depression, The factory system centralized production in separate buildings funded and directed by specialists (as opposed to work at home). Advancements in factory workflow, such as mass production, electrification, and automation contributed to economic growth. Through this method, an open-hearth furnace can reach temperatures high enough to melt steel, but Siemens did not initially use it in that manner. Of the many factors that led to the Industrial Revolution, two of the biggest and most significant were the Embargo Act of 1807 and the War of 1812. Was the Industrial Revolution over . The boat moved faster with the broken propeller. The German concern system (known as Konzerne), being significantly concentrated, was able to make more efficient use of capital. Thanks to the development of sewage systems in cities along with the passage of drinking water safety laws, public health improved greatly and rates of death from infectious diseases fell. At the same time, all kinds of goods became standardized for the first time, according to Priya Satia, professor of international history at Stanford University. The invention of the Burton process for thermal cracking doubled the yield of gasoline, which helped alleviate the shortages. Worse yet, the burning of fossil fuel pumped carbon into the. By 1889 110 electric street railways were either using his equipment or in planning. By the 1880s chemical processes for paper manufacture were in use, becoming dominant by 1900. With large amounts of steel it became possible to build much more powerful guns and carriages, tanks, armored fighting vehicles and naval ships. Consequence of Industrial Revolution 3. Standard Oil), dominated in steel, oil, sugar, meatpacking, and the manufacture of agriculture machinery. Thermodynamic principles were used in the development of physical chemistry. Paper in the Making. The screw propeller was introduced in 1835 by Francis Pettit Smith who discovered a new way of building propellers by accident. Chapter 7 - The Bureaucracy. While it was a period of unprecedented progress and innovation that propelled some people into vast wealth, it also condemned many to poverty, creating a deep social chasm between the industrial machine and the working middle class that fueled it. Standardization of screw threads began with Henry Maudslay around 1800, when the modern screw-cutting lathe made interchangeable V-thread machine screws a practical commodity. Electricity 4. Developments such as steel, electricity, increased mass production, and the building of a nationwide railroad network enabled the growth of sprawling cities. Horses and mules remained important in agriculture until the development of the internal combustion tractor near the end of the Second Industrial Revolution. The statistics that reflect the effects of industrialization are staggering. This historic boost in factory output, coupled with the invention of technological marvels such as the telegraph, the telephone, the automobile, and the radio would forever change how Americans lived and worked. This, plus the opening of the Suez Canal, led to the decline of the great warehousing districts in London and elsewhere, and the elimination of many middlemen. [8] Falling costs for producing wrought iron coincided with the emergence of the railway in the 1830s. Electrification also allowed the inexpensive production of electro-chemicals, such as aluminium, chlorine, sodium hydroxide, and magnesium.[32].
