what percentage of jews died in the holocaust

[330] Army leaders and economic managers complained about this diversion of resources and the killing of skilled Jewish workers,[331] but Nazi leaders rated ideological imperatives above economic considerations. During the era of the Holocaust, German authorities also targeted and killed other groups, including at times their children, because of their perceived racial and biological inferiority: Roma (Gypsies), Germans with disabilities, and some of the Slavic peoples (especially Poles and Russians). [366] Russian government sources currently cite these civilian casualty figures in their official statements. According to Joseph Goebbels' diary, Hitler decided that the police should be withdrawn: "For once the Jews should feel the rage of the people," Goebbels reported him as saying. [116], In May 1940, Germany invaded the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Belgium, and France. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. Groups of Jews were forced by the crowd to watch their synagogues burn; in Bensheim they were made to dance around it and in Laupheim to kneel before it. Pew Research Center does not take policy positions. [56] In Silesia, in March 1933, a group of men entered the courthouse and beat up Jewish lawyers; Friedlnder writes that, in Dresden, Jewish lawyers and judges were dragged out of courtrooms during trials. Of course, teens between the ages of 13 and 17 have not yet had a chance to pursue post-secondary education. [119], France had approximately 330,000 Jews, divided between the German-occupied north and the unoccupied collaborationist southern areas in Vichy France (named after the town Vichy), more than half this Jewish population were not French citizens, but refugees who had fled Nazi persecution in other countries. Insurance payments for damage to their property were confiscated by the government. Of these, 725,005 regarded themselves as Jews (4.94 percent) and another 100,000 were Jewish by descent who identified as Christian. "The Holocaust: Definition and Preliminary Discussion". [81] Many were released within weeks; by early 1939, 2,000 remained in the camps. U.S. adults who say they have visited a Holocaust memorial or museum (27% of all respondents) correctly answer 2.9 questions right out of the four multiple-choice questions about the Holocaust. One Man's Journey to ID Death March Victims * Jews estimated murdered in the Holocaust: 6 million On average, teens correctly answer slightly fewer questions than U.S. adults do (1.8 vs. 2.2, on average). Nearly nine-in-ten Jews know that about 6 million Jews were killed in the Holocaust, compared with two-thirds of agnostics (64%) and atheists (63%) who get this question right. [208] In September 1943, Germany occupied the northern and central areas of Italy and established a fascist puppet state, the Italian Social Republic or Sal Republic. [309] By the time the SS had regained control, 451 members of the Sonderkommando were dead; 212 survived. Beginning in 1943, as it became clear that they would lose the war, the Germans and their Axis partners destroyed much of the existing documentation. [citation needed], As the Soviet armed forces advanced, the SS closed down the camps in eastern Poland and tried to conceal what had happened. "[216], On 7 December 1941, Japanese aircraft attacked Pearl Harbor, an American naval base in Honolulu, Hawaii, killing 2,403 Americans. The event, titled "Day to Remember An . The damage was estimated at 39million Reichsmark. "[219] In the view of Christian Gerlach, Hitler "announced his decision in principle" to annihilate the Jews on or around 12 December 1941, one day after his declaration of war. Other camps sometimes described as extermination camps include Maly Trostinets near Minsk in the occupied Soviet Union, where 65,000 are thought to have been murdered, mostly by shooting but also in gas vans;[258] Mauthausen in Austria;[259] Stutthof, near Gdask, Poland;[260] and Sachsenhausen and Ravensbrck in Germany. 2007, page 23, sfn error: no target: CITEREFPiotrowski2007 (, "They conducted deliberate and systematic genocide, viz., the extermination of racial and national groups, against the civilian populations of certain occupied territories in order to destroy particular races and classes of people and national, racial, or religious groups, particularly Jews, Poles, and Gypsies and others. Denmark was overrun so quickly that there was no time for a resistance to form. [68] Jews were forced to perform humiliating acts such as scrubbing the streets or cleaning toilets while wearing tefillin. In December 1942, the United Nations adopted a joint declaration condemning the systematic murder of Jews. [284] Between March 1942 and November 1943, around 1,526,500 Jews were murdered in these three camps in gas chambers using carbon monoxide from the exhaust fumes of stationary diesel engines. "[395], Historians estimate that Germany and its allies killed between 250,000 and 500,000 Roma, around 2550 percent of the community in Europe. Disturbed by what. [5] Gold fillings were pulled from the corpses before burial, but unlike in Auschwitz the women's hair was cut before death. Another factor linked with how much Americans know about the Holocaust is whether respondents have ever visited a Holocaust memorial or museum. Rosenberg's vision of a secretive Jewish conspiracy ruling the world would influence Hitler's views of Jews by making them the driving force behind communism. [145], Between early fall 1941 and late spring 1942, Jrgen Matthus writes, 2million of the 3.5million Soviet POWs captured by the Wehrmacht had been executed or had died of neglect and abuse. Prewar estimates for the latest year available (1937-1941). Of this total, nearly 1.1 million were Jews, 960,000 of which died in the camp. [55] Jews were disbarred from practicing law, being editors or proprietors of newspapers, joining the Journalists' Association, or owning farms. There is no single wartime document that spells out how many people were killed. The occupied regions were under the control of a military governor, and there, anti-Jewish measures were not enacted as quickly as they were in the Vichy-controlled areas. More than six million Jews were killed by the atrocious Nazi regime, along with . The ascendance of Germany enabled Romania to disregard the minorities treaties that were imposed upon the country after the First World War. [18] As non-Jewish groups began to include themselves as Holocaust victims, many Jews chose to use the Hebrew terms Shoah or Churban. Consequently, the Danish government stayed in power and the Germans found it easier to work through it. For example, if a respondent said that the Holocaust refers to the attempted elimination of Jews by Hitler and his followers during World War II, that answer was coded into the annihilation of Jews category but not the Hitler or World War II categories. They also destroyed physical evidence of mass murder. [m] Cesarani writes that the killing of Jews was at this point a "subset" of these activities. By mid-1942, victims were being deported from ghettos across Europe in sealed freight trains to extermination camps where, if they survived the journey, they were gassed, worked or beaten to death, or killed by disease, starvation, cold, medical experiments, or during death marches. There are modest differences in levels of knowledge about the Holocaust based on gender, race and ethnicity, age, and region. The single most important thing to keep in mind when attempting to document numbers of victims of the Holocaust is that no one master list of those who perished exists anywhere in the world. The destruction of the Jews must be its necessary consequence. Companies such as BMW, Deutsche Bank, Ford, Opel, Siemens, and Volkswagen faced lawsuits for their use of forced labor during the war. The survey included a question that asked respondents whether they personally know someone who is Jewish. [418], During and after World War II, many European countries launched widespread purges of real and perceived collaborators that affected possibly as much as 23 percent of the population of Europe, although most of the resulting trials did not emphasize crimes against Jews. Yad Vashem. [302], During a revolt in Treblinka on 2 August 1943, inmates killed five or six guards and set fire to camp buildings; several managed to escape. Emigration from the Reich was ultimately banned in October 1941. [84], Before World War II, Germany considered mass deportation from Europe of German, and later European, Jewry. [410] In 1936, Himmler created the Reich Central Office for the Combating of Homosexuality and Abortion. [345] Buchenwald was liberated by the Americans on 11 April;[346] Bergen-Belsen by the British on 15 April;[347] Dachau by the Americans on 29 April;[348] Ravensbrck by the Soviets on 30 April;[349] and Mauthausen by the Americans on 5 May. Jews, deemed "inferior," were considered an alien threat to the so-called German racial community. "Racial" enemies could never belong to the Volksgemeinschaft; they were to be removed from society. Anyone with three or more Jewish grandparents was classified as a Jew. Under the coordination of the SS, with directions from the highest leadership of the Nazi Party, killings were committed within Germany itself, throughout occupied Europe, and within territories controlled by Germany's allies. Seven percent were not sure, and 3 percent denied that it happened. According to Dan Stone the Holocaust was a pan-European phenomenon, a series of "Holocausts" impossible to conduct without local collaborators and Germany's allies. Among these groups were Communists, Socialists, Jehovah's Witnesses, and gay men. Nevertheless, some Jews were able to escape to neutral countries, whose policies ranged from rescue to non-action. [325], During the war the Joint Distribution Committee raised $70 million and in the years after the war it raised $300 million. Despite this, calculating the exact numbers of individuals who were killed as the result of Nazi policies is an impossible task. Germany implemented the persecution in stages. According to Yad Vashem, some 3.3 million Jews lived in Poland on the eve of the Sept. 1, 1939 German invasion, and only 380,000 survived the war. [36] The second half of the 19th century saw the emergence, in the German empire and Austria-Hungary, of the vlkisch movement, developed by such thinkers as Houston Stewart Chamberlain and Paul de Lagarde. Overall, U.S. teens correctly answer about the same number of questions (1.8, on average) as adults whose formal education ended with high school (1.7). The two institutions also divided the occupied areas slightly differently. Davar and later Haaretz both used the term in September 1939. [351] The British 11th Armoured Division found around 60,000 prisoners (90 percent Jews) when they liberated Bergen-Belsen,[347][352] as well as 13,000 unburied corpses; another 10,000 people died from typhus or malnutrition over the following weeks. [12][f], On 3 October 1941 the American Hebrew used the phrase "before the Holocaust", apparently to refer to the situation in France,[14] and in May 1943 the New York Times, discussing the Bermuda Conference, referred to the "hundreds of thousands of European Jews still surviving the Nazi Holocaust". Politically, Republicans and those who lean toward the Republican Party (2.3) correctly answer about as many Holocaust knowledge questions as Democrats and Democratic leaners do (2.2). From August 1941 they began to murder women and children too. ", sfn error: no target: CITEREFStrous2007 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBauer1998 (, List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust, Adolf Hitler, antisemitism and the Holocaust, Anti-Jewish legislation in prewar Nazi Germany, Persecution of the Jews in Schleswig-Holstein (19331945), Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service, Jewish refugees from German-occupied Europe in the United Kingdom, the pogroms were carried out by organized Lithuanian paramilitaries, The Fhrer to the German People: 22 June 1941, Collaboration in German-occupied Soviet Union, Reich Chancellery meeting of 12 December 1941, Germany declared war on the United States, Adolf Hitler's Declaration of War against the United States, Responsibility for the Holocaust Other states, Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe, German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war, Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring, Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany, Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany, Reich Central Office for the Combating of Homosexuality and Abortion, Persecution of black people in Nazi Germany, Reparations Agreement between Israel and the Federal Republic of Germany, rehabilitation of 500,000 Jewish survivors, Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany, "Remembrance, Responsibility and Future" Foundation, "FAQ: How many Jews were murdered in the Holocaust? "[64] By the end of 1934, 50,000 German Jews had left Germany,[65] and by the end of 1938, approximately half the German Jewish population had left. Notice that Poland by far lost the largest number (three million), with the Soviet Union having lost the second most (one million). [423] Unlike later trials in West Germany, which focused on low-level perpetrators,[424] the high-level organizer Adolf Eichmann was kidnapped and tried in Israel in 1961. [263] In December 1939 and January 1940, gas vans equipped with gas cylinders and a sealed compartment had been used to kill disabled people in occupied Poland. According to the Pew study, which polled 10,971 US adults in February 2019, just 45% of US adults know that six million Jews were killed in the Holocaust. [46], Before and after the March 1933 Reichstag elections, the Nazis intensified their campaign of violence against opponents,[47] setting up concentration camps for extrajudicial imprisonment. Though this is the best information available, it is based on estimates and cannot take into the unknown number of victims whose bodies were never recovered or for whom there were no records. [326], By 1943 it was evident to the leadership of the armed forces that Germany was losing the war. We cannot be sentimental about it. Washington, DC 20024-2126 [42] From the early 1920s onwards, he compared the Jews to germs and said they should be dealt with in the same way. [272] Almost all arrivals at Beec, Sobibr and Treblinka were sent directly to the gas chambers,[273] with individuals occasionally selected to replace dead workers. [334] On 19 March 1944, Hitler ordered the military occupation of Hungary and dispatched Adolf Eichmann to supervise the deportation of its Jews. And a similar share (45%) know that approximately 6 million Jews were killed in the Holocaust. Grynszpan was handed over to the Germans and his fate is unknown. [33] Peter Hayes writes that the persecution of these groups was less uniform than that of the Jews. Because of this, few measures were taken against the Danish Jews before 1942. Holocaust Memorial Museum. [411] The police closed gay bars and shut down gay publications. One possible reason that men correctly answer more religious knowledge questions than women do is that. Gentlemen, I must ask you, arm yourselves against any thoughts of compassion. The overall death and destruction that took place during World War II may well be beyond human comprehension. They must go. To prevent panic, they were told the gas chambers were showers or delousing chambers. Inflaming the anti-Jewish sentiment was the apparent over-representation of Jews in the leadership of communist revolutionary governments in Europe, such as Ernst Toller, head of a short-lived revolutionary government in Bavaria. [141], In the Bulgarian annexed zones of Macedonia and Thrace, upon demand of the German authorities, the Bulgarians handed over the entire Jewish population, about 12,000 Jews to the military authorities, all were deported. There is no single wartime document created by Nazi officials that spells out how many people were killed in the Holocaust or World War II. Sources: U.S. To accurately estimate the extent of human losses, scholars, governmental agencies, and Jewish organizations since the 1940s have relied on a variety of different recordsincluding census reports, captured German and Axis archives, and postwar investigations. Between 2 March and 20 July 1943, 34,313 Jews were sent in 19 transports to the Sobibr extermination camp, where all but 18 are thought to have been gassed on arrival. In Berlin we were told "Why all this trouble? In the course of the practical execution of the Final Solution, Europe will be combed through from west to east. The new data is based on a survey of 10,971 U.S. adults conducted in February 2019. About 1 million Jews died at Auschwitz concentration camp, while more than 1.5 million were gassed at the Operation Reinhard extermination camps. [233] Written by Eichmann and stamped "Top Secret", the minutes were written in "euphemistic language" on Heydrich's instructions, according to Eichmann's later testimony.[234]. After Belgium's surrender, the country was ruled by a German military governor, Alexander von Falkenhausen, who enacted anti-Jewish measures against its 90,000 Jews, many of them refugees from Germany or Eastern Europe. [209] Officers from RSHA IV B4, a Gestapo unit, began deporting Jews to Auschwitz-Birkenau. In addition, as the Allies began to close in on Germany, the Nazis began to destroy their records. Though fragmentary, these sources provide essential figures from which to make calculations. [195] According to a 2004 report by Tuvia Friling and others, up to 14,850 Jews were murdered during the Iai pogrom. [383][384] The New York Times reported on 21 December that year: "400,000 Germans to be sterilized". As the method of widespread execution was shooting rather than gas chamber, the Holocaust in the Soviet Union is sometimes referred to as the Holocaust by bullets. What follow are the current best estimates of civilians and captured soldiers killed by the Nazi regime and its collaborators. Once the invasion was underway, however, about 100,000 Jews fled Kyiv or were conscripted into the Red Army. At the end of 1941 in occupied Poland, the Germans began building additional camps or expanding existing ones. Key Facts 1 [387], In October 1939 Hitler signed a "euthanasia decree" backdated to 1 September 1939 that authorized Reichsleiter Philipp Bouhler, the chief of Hitler's Chancellery, and Karl Brandt, Hitler's personal physician, to carry out a program of involuntary euthanasia. [400] In May 1942, they were placed under similar laws to the Jews, and in December Himmler ordered that they be sent to Auschwitz, unless they had served in the Wehrmacht. . [408], Around 100,000 gay men were arrested in Germany and 50,000 jailed between 1933 and 1945; 5,00015,000 are thought to have been sent to concentration camps. Download our mobile app for on-the-go access to the Jewish Virtual Library, Documenting Numbers of Victims of the Holocaust & Nazi Persecution, Bormann Relays Hitler Order Banning Reference to Final Solution (1943), Eichmann on Deportations from Western Europe, Exchange of Letters Concerning the "Final Solution", Himmler Orders Completion of the Final Solution, Himmler Reports on Executions in the East, Hitler Bans Public Reference to The Final Solution, Revelations on the Extermination of the Jews, 1998 - 2023 American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise. [40], Early antisemites in the Nazi Party included Dietrich Eckart, publisher of the Vlkischer Beobachter, the party's newspaper, and Alfred Rosenberg, who wrote antisemitic articles for it in the 1920s. The statistics show that since 1948, the world's Jewish population has increased by 26 percent, while the general population of the globe has increased from 2.5 billion to 7.5 billion a. Several resistance groups were formed, such as the Jewish Combat Organization (OB) and Jewish Military Union (ZW) in the Warsaw Ghetto and the United Partisan Organization in Vilna. For example, the Nazis' treatment of the Slavs consisted of "enslavement and gradual attrition", while some Slavs were favored; Hayes lists Bulgarians, Croats, Slovaks, and some Ukrainians. The following chart shows the estimated number of Jews killed during the Holocaust by country. Twenty-five percent believed fewer than 1 million Jews were killed, and 12% put the number of Jewish deaths in the Holocaust at less than 100,000. Eva Kor, Auschwitz survivor and Jewish activist, voices her experiences in the concentration camps and how these persecutions forever changed . [183] Romanian antisemitic legislation was not an attempt to placate the Germans, but rather entirely home-grown, preceding German hegemony and Nazi Germany itself. [406] Because they refused to pledge allegiance to the Nazi party or serve in the military, Jehovah's Witnesses were sent to concentration camps, where they were given the option of renouncing their faith and submitting to the state's authority. [92] German plans for Poland included expelling non-Jewish Poles from large areas, settling Germans on the emptied lands,[93] sending the Polish leadership to camps, denying the lower classes an education, and confining Jews. [236] Heydrich told the meeting: "Another possible solution of the problem has now taken the place of emigration, i.e. Through song, words, and candle-lighting, those in the Erie Jewish Community and supporters, memorialized the six million Jewish people murdered during the Holocaust. "[189][190], According to Dan Stone, the murder of Jews in Romania was "essentially an independent undertaking". The four multiple-choice questions about the Holocaust also were included in a recent Pew Research Center survey of U.S. teens ages 13 to 17. Most were sent to Auschwitz; the first transport of 1,135 Jews left Holland for Auschwitz on 15 July 1942. The actual number was probably between 1.1 million and 1.5 million-and at least 90 percent of the victims were Jews. Most of the people surveyed (10,429) were members of Pew Research Centers American Trends Panel (ATP), an online survey panel. [336] Publication of the VrbaWetzler report halted Hungarian government cooperation with Jewish deportations for several months and sparked international interventions that saved tens of thousands of lives. Holocaust Memorial Museum and Yad Vashem. [101] The inhabitants had to pay for food and other supplies by selling whatever goods they could produce. Often, these ghettos existed only for a short period of weeks or days, and they primarily served to gather Jews in preparation of genocide. About Pew Research Center Pew Research Center is a nonpartisan fact tank that informs the public about the issues, attitudes and trends shaping the world. See here for details. The Holocaust was the systematic, bureaucratic, state-sponsored persecution and murder of six million Jewish men, women and children by the Nazi regime and its collaborators. Film Reviews. Sexual relationships between them were also criminalized; Jews were not allowed to employ German women under the age of 45 in their homes. "Not much will remain of the Jews. [314] One of the famous Jewish groups was the Bielski partisans in Belarus, led by the Bielski brothers. Nearly three-in-ten Americans say they are not sure how many Jews died during the Holocaust, while one-in-ten overestimate the death toll, and 15% say that 3 million or fewer Jews were killed. [203] Instead, Jews native to Bulgaria were sent to the provinces. Other groups were persecuted for political or ideological reasons, or on the basis of what the Nazi regime considered to be criminal behavior. Blazing sapphires and lush emeralds drip from the necklaces, brooches and bracelets. Among adults, those with a college degree correctly answer about one question more than those with a high school degree or less. [113] By June 1940 Norway was completely occupied. [341], The first major camp encountered by Allied troops, Majdanek, was discovered by the advancing Soviets, along with its gas chambers, on 25 July 1944. [77] Contrary to Goebbel's statements in his diary, the police were not withdrawn; the regular police, Gestapo, SS and SA all took part, although Heinrich Himmler was angry that the SS had joined in. The two institutions also divided the occupied areas slightly differently. "In mid-March 1942, some 75 to 80 percent of all victims of the Holocaust were still alive, while 20 to 25 . Like adults, more teens know when the Holocaust occurred (57%) and what Nazi-created ghettos were (53%) than know how many Jews were killed during the Holocaust (38%) or how Hitler became chancellor of Germany (33%). [55] Jewish businesses were targeted for closure or "Aryanization", the forcible sale to Germans; of the approximately 50,000 Jewish-owned businesses in Germany in 1933, about 7,000 were still Jewish-owned in April 1939. The 2019 Pew Research Center survey is not the first research conducted to assess how much American adults know about the Holocaust. [74] The result, David Cesarani writes, was "murder, rape, looting, destruction of property, and terror on an unprecedented scale".[75]. While the survey cannot answer this question directly, the data suggests that relatively few people in this group express strongly negative feelings toward Jews. Calculating the numbers of individuals who were killed as the result of Nazi policies is a difficult task. This may reflect disparities in education. [139], The state broke away from Nazi antisemitic policy by promising honorary Aryan citizenship, and thus freedom from persecution, to Jews who were willing to contribute to the "Croat cause". [b] Between 1941 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six million Jews across German-occupied Europe; [c] around two-thirds of Europe's Jewish population. [174], At the height of the Holocaust from 1941 to 1943, the Jewish population of the SS concentration camps was low. [28][h], Other groups targeted after Hitler became Chancellor of Germany in January 1933[31] include those whom the Nazis viewed as inherently inferior (some Slavic people, particularly Poles and Russians,[32] the Roma, and the disabled), and those targeted because of their beliefs or behavior (such as Jehovah's Witnesses, communists, and homosexuals).

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