speaking and listening: evaluating a speaker quizlet

What were the consequences of the misunderstanding? Therefore, at the understanding stage of listening we should be on the lookout for places where our perceptions might differ from those of the speaker. Which strategy will help her succeed? ", ethos, an appeal based on the speaker's character. American ships have been sunk, American lives taken, in ways which it has stirred us very deeply to learn of . Explain the remembering stage of listening. B, C, and E have lead times of two weeks, and D and F have lead times of three weeks. Content-oriented listeners enjoy processing complicated information and are typically viewed as credible because they view an issue from multiple perspectives before making a decision. Watson, K. W., Larry L. Barker, and James B. Weaver III, The Listening Styles Profile (LS-16): Development and Validation of an Instrument to Assess Four Listening Styles, International Journal of Listening 9 (1995): 113. While hearing leads to listening, they are not the same thing. Environmental noise such as other people talking, the sounds of traffic, and music interfere with the physiological aspects of hearing. Understanding how listening works provides the foundation we need to explore why we listen, including various types and styles of listening. Before we can engage other steps in the listening process, we must take in stimuli through our senses. This is active listening. It has three aspects: Getting good at active listening is a lifetime endeavor. The goal of such commissions is to allow people to tell their stories, share their perspectives in an open environment, and be listened to. Check the three boxes that apply. to focus on messages sent by other people or noises coming from our surroundings; to better our understanding of other peoples communication; to critically evaluate other peoples messages; to indicate that we are interested or paying attention; to empathize with others and show we care for them (relational maintenance); and. ______, A ball thrown into the air from a building 100ft100 \mathrm{ft}100ft high travels along a path described by, y=x2110+x+100y=\frac{-x^2}{110}+x+100 4.2 Ethics in Public Speaking. In the understanding stage, we attempt to learn the meaning of the message, which is not always easy. While the word empathy means to feel into or feel with another person, sympathy means to feel for someone. It can be challenging! Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill. After the speech, Johan should first. Evaluate what it means to be an ethical listener. A critical listener evaluates a message and accepts it, rejects it, or decides to withhold judgment and seek more information. Ideally, judges and politicians would also possess these characteristics. The key is to do it twice a day for 10 to 20 minutes, focusing on a mental image or repeating a phrase and dismissing other thoughts as they come. Use it to stay focused and take in as much information as possible. In the aftermath of Covid-19, particularly with the shift to remote work and the red-hot job market, its never been more important or more difficult for leaders to be good listeners. As you can see from this example, the action-oriented listening style often contrasts with the people-oriented listening style. . As constant consumers of messages, we need to be able to assess the credibility of speakers and their messages and identify various persuasive appeals and faulty logic (known as fallacies), which you can learn more about in Chapter 11 Informative and Persuasive Speaking. In terms of academics, poor listening skills were shown to contribute significantly to failure in a persons first year of college (Zabava & Wolvin, 1993). Eventually you find out that your friends are at a different theater all the way across town where the same movie is playing. Maybe youll stand up and applaud a speaker you agreed with or just sit staring in silence after listening to a speaker you didnt like. As president of the Student Council for two years now, I think that it is time we try to establish a better system for spending our funds. What does this mean you must do as a student of public speaking. However, even when you are listening attentively, some messages are more difficult than others to understand and remember. Compare and contrast the four main listening styles. Job switching is rampant, and remote work means we dont get the nonverbal cues wed pick up from an in-person conversation. Read the excerpt from President Woodrow Wilson's speech, "War Message to Congress. (Yes, its embarrassing, but it happens to everyone occasionally and to some of us frequently.) In the moment, focus on your breathing and do a grounding exercise if you feel agitated. The stages of the listening process are receiving, interpreting, recalling, evaluating, and responding. Which is the best way for Kayla to take clear and effective notes without missing what the speaker is saying? For example, you are giving positive feedback to your instructor if at the end of class you stay behind to finish a sentence in your notes or approach the instructor to ask for clarification. Learn more about how Pressbooks supports open publishing practices. Americans must continue this journey. Many successful adults have discovered mid-career that they have undiagnosed sensory, attention, information-processing, or other disorders than can impair listening ability. - Any hesitation is content-related rather than to find words or grammar; - Develops topics fully and appropriately. For example, you might pose the following paraphrase and question pair: It seems like you believe you were treated unfairly. 4.1 Listening vs. For one thing, if a speaker does not enunciate clearly, it may be difficult to tell what the message wasdid your friend say, I think shell be late for class, or my teacher delayed the class? The elements of public speaking (7th ed.). We then interpret auditory and visual stimuli in order to make meaning out of them based on our existing schemata. This refers to how well the brain makes sense of the sound cues. Summative feedback is given at the conclusion of a speech. Use this tool only when you need to check your own comprehension and say, explicitly, Im going to put this in my own words to make sure I understand.. We will learn more about how to improve your critical thinking skills later in this chapter. Recall is an important part of the listening process because it is most often used to assess listening abilities and effectiveness. Because of our own centrality in our perceptual world, empathetic listening can be difficult. Tell the student to describe what's in the image. . Why do you think macroeconomists focus on just a few key This style of listening can be very effective when a task needs to be completed under time, budgetary, or other logistical constraints. jot down main points and supporting details. Empathetic listening can help us expand our self and social awareness by learning from other peoples experiences and by helping us take on different perspectives. Through the process of comparing new information with old information, we may also update or revise particular schemata if we find the new information relevant and credible. Everyone else understood that the meeting place was the west side location, but you wrongly understood it as the east side location and therefore missed out on part of the fun. Multiple studies have shown that direct repetition works, even though it may feel unnatural. What is President Obama's purpose in this part of the speech? Other research finds that people often still revert back to a single preferred style in times of emotional or cognitive stress, even if they know a different style of listening would be better (Worthington, 2003). So much of the way we understand others is influenced by our own perceptions and experiences. People often get action-oriented and time-oriented listeners confused. Give an example of a time when you felt that your message was misunderstood or treated with shallow attention. However, students in your class might misunderstand the instructors meaning in several ways. About, Greensboro Truth and Reconciliation Commission website, accessed July 13, 2012. Even the most open-minded listeners will have opinions of a speaker, and those opinions will influence how the message is evaluated. Which style do you have the most difficulty with or like the least and why? Remembering begins with listening; if you cant remember something that was said, you might not have been listening effectively. For us, they packed up their few worldly possessions and traveled across oceans in search of a new life. . Power alone can't change things, but is necessary prudent use; that security emanates from the justice, and strength of their example, as a nation. 4. by creating brief, powerful images, Speaking and Listening: Evaluating a Speaker, Speaking and Listening: Evaluating a Speaker, Abolition and Women's Rights Movements, Part, Government in America: Elections and Updates Edition, George C. Edwards III, Martin P. Wattenberg, Robert L. Lineberry, Christina Dejong, Christopher E. Smith, George F Cole. People are more likely to evaluate a message positively if the speaker speaks clearly, presents ideas logically, and gives reasons to support the points made. Empathetic listening is the most challenging form of listening and occurs when we try to understand or experience what a speaker is thinking or feeling. Homes have been lost; jobs shed; businesses shuttered. Nonverbal cues, such as tone of voice, facial expression, and body language, are usually where the motivation and emotion behind the words is expressed. It is effective because it makes listeners feel unified. Discriminative listening is the most basic form of listening, and we use it to distinguish between and focus on specific sounds. This type of listening may be especially valuable in interpersonal communication involving emotional exchanges, as a person-oriented listener can create a space where people can make themselves vulnerable without fear of being cut off or judged. You may have a hard time simply making out the speakers message. Additionally, many bosses are not as open to questions or requests to repeat themselves as professors are. For example, seeing a persons face when we hear their voice allows us to take in nonverbal cues from facial expressions and eye contact. If people do not feel listened to, they will cease to share information. If you mistrust a speaker because of an accent, you could be rejecting important or personally enriching information. Also he remembers that generations have faced wars, fascism, communism, but had won not only with missiles, but alliances, convictions, and values. But throw in external noise, more visual stimuli, and multiple contextual influences, and we cant remember the name of the person we were just introduced to one minute earlier. Listeners respond to speakers nonverbally during a message using back-channel cues and verbally after a message using paraphrasing and clarifying questions. Which excerpt from "War Message to Congress" expresses President Wilson's opinion? Ask for a description of an image or images to test a wide range of skills. How did you know your message had been misunderstood or rejected? write down only the speaker's claim Describe the stages of the listening process. Models of processes are informative in that they help us visualize specific components, but keep in mind that they do not capture the speed, overlapping nature, or overall complexity of the actual process in action. 3.2 All Anxiety Is Not the Same: Sources of Communication Apprehension, 9.2 The Attention-Getter: The First Step of an Introduction, 9.3 Putting It Together: Steps to Complete Your Introduction, 14.2 Speaking Contexts That Affect Delivery, 14.4 Practicing for Successful Speech Delivery, 15.4 Tips for Preparing Presentation Aids, Appendix: 2. We can hold large amounts of unsorted visual information but only for about a tenth of a second. Listening is a complex job, with many different subtasks, and its possible to be good at some and bad at others. Since retention and recall are important components of informational listening, good concentration and memory skills are key. In terms of completeness, we try to read between the lines and evaluate the message in relation to what we know about the topic or situation being discussed. Cambria's decision will help her. logos, an appeal based on logic or reason. People think about four times faster than other people talk, so youve got spare brainpower when youre a listener. 4.3 Why Listening Is Difficult. Listening (5th ed.). On President Barack Obama's inaugural address, he exalts America ancestors, and forty-four presidents before him. Empathetic listening is distinct from sympathetic listening. It also allows the student to make a fair number of errors, as long as they're maintaining clear communication that the teacher can follow. Speakers need to take a two-pronged approach when addressing any audience: caring about the audience and understanding the audience. Good listeners have learned to refrain from making these judgments and instead to focus on the speakers meanings. A person in control of a command center like the White House Situation Room should have a good working memory in order to take in, organize, evaluate, and then immediately use new information instead of having to wait for that information to make it to long-term memory and then be retrieved and used. Speaking and Listening: Evaluating a Speaker Flashcards | Quizlet Speaking and Listening: Evaluating a Speaker 4.4 (50 reviews) Read the sentences. This part of the listening process is more physiological than other parts, which include cognitive and relational elements. Read the excerpt from President Woodrow Wilson's speech, "War Message to Congress. Example:"I understand." "I see." "Yes, that makes sense." "I agree.". Worthington, D. L., Exploring the Relationship between Listening Style Preference and Personality, International Journal of Listening 17, no. Our sensory storage is very large in terms of capacity but limited in terms of length of storage. New York: Worth Publishers, pp. We can enhance our ability to receive, and in turn listen, by trying to minimize noise. If you do have a lapse in attention, admit it, apologize, and ask the person to repeat what they said. Even when we have understood the words in a message, because of the differences in our backgrounds and experience, we sometimes make the mistake of attaching our own meanings to the words of others. We support others through empathetic listening by trying to feel with them. People think about four times faster than other people talk, directing attention to the immediate environment, music training improves auditory processing skills, acting or improvisation training improves your ability to read people and perform the role of an active listener, decreases your ability to read others and accurately grasp their message. Kizzzbeth - Good Listener - CC BY-SA 2.0. 1 (2003): 82. Indicate the total number of changes at the right. Asking a trusted colleague to be your nonverbal communication translator may be helpful in situations where accurate listening is important, but confidentiality is not. Emily, you might say, reminds me of the Emily I knew in middle school, or Mr. This article offers nine tips to help leaders become more active listeners, and a breakdown of the subskills involved in listening and how you can improve in them. It is only after listening for months as infants that we begin to consciously practice our own forms of expression. Notice in Figure 4.3 Stages of Feedback that stages two, three, and four are represented by the brain because it is the primary tool involved with these stages of the listening process. The state of the economy calls for action, bold and swift, and we will act not only to create new jobs, but to lay a new foundation for growth. Product A is an end item and is made from two units of B and four of C. B is made of three units of D and two of E. C is made of two units of F and two of E. A has a lead time of one week. If these sorts of behaviors would require a significant habit change, you can instead, let people know at the beginning of a conversation that youre on the non-reactive side, and ask for their patience and understanding. We then evaluate the credibility, completeness, and worth of a message before responding with verbal and nonverbal signals. Would it be better to try to examine all Duane Storey Listening CC BY-NC-ND 2.0. Take shorthand notes as you listen critically to part of President Barack Obama's inaugural address. Click the card to flip On President Barack Obama's inaugural address, he exalts America ancestors, and forty-four presidents before him. I caution my students that they will be expected to process verbal instructions more frequently in their profession than they are in college. The next two skills involve staying mentally present in the conversational moment. These are simple psychological practices that work to pull people back to the present moment by directing attention to the immediate environment. In the first and second paragraphs of "War Message to Congress," how does Wilson establish pathos, an appeal based on emotions? Some noise interferes primarily with hearing, which is the physical process of receiving stimuli through internal and external components of the ears and eyes, and some interferes with listening, which is the cognitive process of processing the stimuli taken in during hearing. Short-term memory is a mental storage capability that can retain stimuli for twenty seconds to one minute. You could use some of these forms of assessment to obtain those results: A short and informal chat A description of an image y=110x2+x+100. Our health care is too costly; our schools fail too many; and each day brings further evidence that the ways we use energy strengthen our adversaries and threaten our planet. Understand six distinct ways to improve your ability to critically listen to speeches. Clyde Hendrick and Susan S. Hendrick (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2000), 37. Action-oriented listeners can be thought of as builderslike an engineer, a construction site foreperson, or a skilled project manager. Finally, the active listener has to pull the entire package receiving the message and acknowledging its receipt together, in the moment. People with good working memories are able to keep recent information in mind and process it and apply it to other incoming information. Repeat part (a) with X=200\bar{X}=200X=200. It is often a good idea to pair a paraphrase with a question to keep a conversation flowing. There are three common problem areas that speakers run into while speaking: using "he" as generic, using "man" to mean all humans, and gender typing jobs. DeVito, J. This act holds corporate officers more accountable for the accuracy of their corporation's financial statements. For each of these subskills, there is also a range of natural ability, and your life experience may have enhanced or muted this potential. The receiving stage of listening is the basic stage where an individual hears a message being sent by a speaker. 1.2 The Process of Public Speaking - Stand up, Speak out 1.2 The Process of Public Speaking Learning Objectives Identify the three components of getting your message across to others. He speaks of wars, times of violence and hatred, and of a weakened nation. At the very least, you are both listening to words and watching body language. Some people have excellent memories and recall abilities and can tell you a very accurate story from many years earlier during a situation in which they should actually be listening and not showing off their recall abilities. What is the purpose of President Woodrow Wilson's speech "War Message to Congress"? If we have difficulty interpreting information, meaning we dont have previous experience or information in our existing schemata to make sense of it, then it is difficult to transfer the information into our long-term memory for later recall. Julia wants to be sure that she can listen effectively to the speaker at the town hall meeting. How does President Obama use logic to make his claim? A. Explain the receiving stage of listening. logos, an appeal based on logic and reason. To appeal to his audience, in "War Message to Congress," Wilson mostly relies on. In order to reach dialogue, people must have a degree of open-mindedness and a commitment to civility that allows them to be empathetic while still allowing them to believe in and advocate for their own position. We might be thinking, This makes sense or, conversely, This is very odd. Because everyone embodies biases and perspectives learned from widely diverse sets of life experiences, evaluations of the same message can vary widely from one listener to another. An excellent example of critical and empathetic listening in action is the international Truth and Reconciliation movement. If youre struggling to understand someone, ask questions to clarify. While this method of assessment is time-consuming, it . Getting integrated: Identify how critical listening might be useful for you in each of the following contexts: academic, professional, personal, and civic. This is only one example of the ways that hearing alone can require sincere effort, but you must hear the message before you can continue the process of listening. As we close in on a third year of unprecedented upheaval in work and life, employees and managers alike have more questions than ever concerns that they may find it difficult to articulate for a variety of reasons, from mental fog to the sheer novelty of the situation. Activity #3.3: "Who Am I?" The understanding stage of listening occurs when a receiver of a message attempts to figure out the meaning of the message. Content-oriented listeners like to listen to complex information and evaluate the content of a message, often from multiple perspectives, before drawing conclusions. Imagine youre listening to a speech given by someone from another country and this person has an accent that is hard to understand. Here we engage in listening to scan and monitor our surroundings in order to isolate particular auditory or visual stimuli. Explain the understanding stage of listening. The fact that these visual cues are missing in e-mail, text, and phone interactions presents some difficulties for reading contextual clues into meaning received through only auditory channels. Heres a cheat sheet with nine helpful tips: If you remember nothing else, remember this simple practice that does so much. In the absence of a hearing impairment, we have an innate and physiological ability to engage in discriminative listening. . Critical-listening skills are useful when listening to a persuasive speech in this class and when processing any of the persuasive media messages we receive daily. Help break that stigma. If you lose your footing during the conversation a lapse of attention or comprehension say you didnt quite get it, and ask the person to repeat themselves. Americans have come together. Use personal pronouns ("I want to show you"). The evaluating stage of listening occurs when a listener judges the content of the message or the character of the speaker. For example, a time-oriented supervisor may say the following to an employee who has just entered his office and asked to talk: Sure, I can talk, but I only have about five minutes. These listeners may also exhibit nonverbal cues that indicate time and/or attention shortages, such as looking at a clock, avoiding eye contact, or nonverbally trying to close down an interaction. 4.5 Listening Critically Learning Objectives Define and explain critical listening and its importance in the public speaking context. There is little doubt that by now, you are beginning to understand the complexity of listening and the great potential for errors. People are more likely to evaluate a message positively if the speaker speaks clearly, presents ideas logically, and gives reasons to support the points made. Present the student with an image or a set of images. Make a list of some of the abstract words you have misunderstood. The next question should be : Expand and clarify your shorthand notes to summarize the speaker's main points. For example, you might say the following to start off a paraphrased response: What I heard you say was or It seems like youre saying You can also ask clarifying questions to get more information. Greatness has been a long, hard journey. We primarily take in information needed for listening through auditory and visual channels. Sometimes we simply enjoy being in their presence, and our summative feedback is not about the message but about our attitudes about the speaker. Hargie, O., Skilled Interpersonal Interaction: Research, Theory, and Practice (London: Routledge, 2011), 18999. Listening well is the kind of skill that benefits from not just teaching but coaching ongoing, specialized instruction from someone who knows your personal strengths, weaknesses, and most importantly, habits. Reflect on your listening in class or in other settings where remembering information is important. New York, NY: Longman. Miguel is taking notes of the mayor's speech. Used in english 11 and 12 in COA 07.01 evaluating speaker worksheet what the speaker effect on the element of the speech Skip to document Ask an Expert Sign inRegister Sign inRegister Home Ask an ExpertNew 1 (2003): 48. Critical listening involves evaluating the credibility, completeness, and worth of a speaker's message. Do extra repetition to make up for the lack of nonverbal communication. Interestingly, such fields are typically feminized, in that people often associate the characteristics of people-oriented listeners with roles filled by women. Read the excerpt from President Woodrow Wilson's speech, "War Message to Congress". We use informational listening to try to comprehend and retain information. 4.2 Listening Styles. In situations where understanding the information we receive isnt important or isnt a goal, this stage may be fairly short or even skipped. These listeners are sought out because they are known as people who will lend an ear. They may or may not be valued for the advice they give, but all people often want is a good listener. AssignmentTake shorthand notes as you listen critically to part of President Barack Obama's inaugural address. Short-term and long-term memory store stimuli until they are discarded or processed for later recall. The main purposes of listening are (Hargie, 2011). During the responding stage of listening, listeners can provide speakers with two types of feedback designed to help a speaker know whether a listener is understanding and what the listener thinks of a message. Unfortunately, personal opinions sometimes result in prejudiced evaluations.

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