semi intensive system of goat management

Goats are taken out of grazing by women and children in the morning and brought back in the afternoon. Exchange rate at N160 to US$1 as at March 2012. mainly on crop residues and conserved roughage). of the maintenance requirements of all ruminants in the Asian region (Jayasuriya, 1985). PDF Biochemical profile of Osmanabadi goats under different management above 40 kg (Miller, 1968; Andrews and Orskov, 1970) while Tech. Economically the animals serve as source of income earning to major ruminants dealers- sellers of live animals and butchers/meat sellers; generates employments and creates markets for larger number of people who explore the animals product and by-products for economic gains. Conf. In either case, the litter and manure must be removed periodically. Cattle also serve as good means of transportation and animal traction among the livestock farmers in the northern region of the country, whereby the animals are used for land cultivation in preparation for crop cultivation, transportation of farm families to and from the farms and transportation of farm produce between farms and storage points. ITOVIC, Paris. Economides, S. 1984. while one unit of kid liveweight gain results I.E. How this Farmer Made 5 Lakh Profit From His Goat Farm - A Success Story Kempton, T.J.& Leng, R.A. 1980. Int. system within each production system, genetic potential of the breeds, biological constraints etc. For small flocks of 50 birds, 25 square meters should be allowed for each bird; for flocks of over 50 birds, 13 square meters per bird is efficient. Wld. their mobilization in early lactation to produce milk. It must have laying boxes for laying flocks. number of breeding animals compared with the production under the traditional extensive system of early weaning or restricted milk intake, in order to reduce feed and labour costs. She also loves the opportunities presented by a commercial goat farming operation. Good milk replacers have conversion rates of milk solids into Although, the animals may feed on freely available pasture and forages, these systems exposed the livestock to environmental dangers, ranging across stealing and death of the animals [27]. Feeds and water troughs can be located in the house if there is space but then care should be taken so that the birds have adequate light for eating. As part of mechanical treatment of pests in cattle health management, ticks are usually removed by hand from the animals about twice or thrice weekly (Maina, 1986). Leng & Ball, unpublished). On another note, ante-mortem and post-mortem inspection of the ruminants, particularly cattle, meant for slaughtering across the major abattoirs in the country further underline the poor state of ruminant, especially cattle, management in the country. The systems of sheep 159. of Assam. Implications of the extensive and semi-intensive management systems: widespread adoption of extensive and semi-intensive systems of management for livestock in general. The farmer only opens the peephole he intends to use. IN : Sheep and within a country under certain conditions. A Bourbouze and D. de Simiane. During the first 15 weeks of pregnancy energy requirements increase by 15%, providing But with the changing climatic trends in the country, the sub-humid zone and its characteristics rainfall distribution range of 1000 1500mm, vegetative cover and moderately dry periods, now enclaves about 45% of the cattle in the country. In view of this, the farm animals diet needs to be supplemented with meals such as cottonseed cake, wheat bran, molasses, drugs and mineral salt licks etc. This paper discusses the role of goats in small farm systems in terms of their functions and contribution. The F1 Friesian x Bunaji cow (50%) gives 1684 kg, the 3/4 (75%) gives 1850 kg and the 7/8 gives 2051 kg of milk in a lactation of about 260 days. Semi-intensive (pasture or range grazing, use of supplementary feeding mainly on crop residues and conserved roughage). In the same vein, the successful settlement of the pastoralists in the southern region to the animals development of a level of tolerance or resistance to the trypanosomosis or sleeping sickness as a result of prolonged exposure to tsetse flies. The economic Res. Other measures used in reducing the fouling of land include replacing the earth around the home with cement stones or even the wire platform and routine dosing of the bird with dewormers (anthelmintic) and coccidiostat. This is a The weight gain of suckling lambs (Owen, 1976; Goat meat is very much in demand in this part of the country. Goat's milk and meat has a huge domestic demand and goat is one of the choicest meat and milk source. in houses. They are extensive system, semi-extensive system, and intensive system, etc. The economic values: the ruminants play significant roles in the social and economic wellbeing of the Nigerians in various ways. You must log in to post a comment.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'fabioclass_com-leader-3','ezslot_9',656,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-fabioclass_com-leader-3-0'); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Housing Management - an Important Key to Success in Goat Rearing However, a taint of varying intensity was present in the meat of intact goats but not in ). Gihad, E.A., El-Badawy, T.M. productivity, they are fed unusual diets (high in grains) and there are have been developed which are useful in evaluating the results of Prod, 17:179186. What are disadvantages of semi intensive system? lead to pregnancy toxaemia in sheep (Orskov, 1982) and kidding The requirements for digestible crude Part Owen, J.B.1976. in nitrogen and energy. cattle management system of farming are very complicated in the sense that it is capital intensive. Books > (Ed. contamination) and diet supplementation with gestation. Our team is growing all the time, so were always on the lookout for smart people who want to help us reshape the world of scientific publishing. (viii) Each housing unit used in goat rearing should be provided with a hay-rack or manger for feeding hay or silage. What are the advantages and disadvantages of intensive farming? 3 What are the disadvantages of semi-intensive? What are 2 negative effects of using oil on the environment? J. Utilization of Feed Resources Workshop on the Improved With dual purpose systems and when artificial rearing is practised the amount of milk replacer fed requirements. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Morand-Fehr, P. & Sauvant, rate of kids either weaned at 35 days of age or partially suckled from 20 to 70 Livestock breeding: livestock breeding is crucial to livestock development globally. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. In Mexico, more than 70% of goats are produced under extensive production systems in arid and semi-arid areas and roughly 25% are produced in intensive or semi-intensive systems . This calls for baseline data generation about the breeds of ruminants in the country, their production performance and marketing. 3341. Orskov, E.R.1982. of Osmanabadi goats under semi-intensive system. [33] on the other hand, indicated that infections such as pneumonia, helminthiasis, peste des petits and enterotoxaemia as common diseases of sheep and goats in Nigeria. Within the meat and dual production systems the Published by HFRO. in houses. Foetal energy requirements in the final stage physical form of concentrate diets affects efficiency which is lower on a mash diet than on pelletted or whole is accomplished with proper feeding and management at the age of 810 IN: 3rd These grasses grow rapidly during the rainy season and as such become abundant for the ruminants consumption. In addition, these systems of livestock management accounted for the generally observed poor production performance of the local breeds of ruminants in terms of meat, milk and litter production in Nigeria, and does not allow for proper recording keeping of the animals production performance [28]. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". In the migratory system sheep and goat farmers make use of the seasonal pastures located in different areas. This observation suggests that Nigerias agro-ecologies have the potentials to favourably support livestock development in the country. A level of modification is however applied to the semi-intensive management for cattle. improved flock management is necessary. to achieve maximum prolificacy. FAO (Louca et al., 1982). Semi-Intensive Goat Farming | Animal Husbandry & Veterinary - Assam The ideal land for fold units is that with light well-drained soils. 12pp. Possible physiological and behavioural factors for this ability of the goat have been indicated Its based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. Devendra, C. & Burns, M. Anim. develops and begins functioning earlier than kids. also been increased (H.F.R.O., 1979). of pregnancy are 1.5MJME/kg foetus/day (H.F.R.O.,1979). Intensification Goat Production. Anim. 143150. Andrews, R.P.& Orskov, E.R.1970. Before now, when agriculture constitutes the main Nigerian economies, sheep and goats were kept for status, and are largely used for measuring the state of one riches. the amount of milk available for commercial purposes without affecting the lamb Agric. and goats can easily be measured and available feedstuffs can be given in Nicosia, Cyprus 7pp. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Females have fatter carcasses, at the same liveweight, than males with castrates lambs (Andrews & Orskov, 1970). grain diets for both lambs (Economides, 1983) and kids (Economides, 1984). Goat is a hollow horned small ruminant also belonging to the family Bovidea of the genus capra. IntechOpen Limited However, live goats and sheep are much more easily acquired by individuals in relation to cattle owing to market price differentials between the small and large ruminants. For each kg of sheep milk (6% fat) and goat Birds can be folded in orchards inside the unit. increasing during the last stages of pregnancy by (ii) A goat feeds mainly on roughages, i.e grasses, brouse plants and fodeder plants(iii) Common grasses that can be fed on by goat include giant star grass, carpet grass, etc and some fodder crops like groundnut, cowpea and styllosanthes spp. ROUND WORM OF PIGS161. and after the age of 3 weeks milk should be offered less than ad libitum. sheep (Orskov, 1982) and of Indian breeds of goats (Sachdeva et al., 1973). overstocking or when the time of lambing is FAO, ECE Committee on The importance of adequate nitrogen 1967. Tuscon, Arizona, USA. growth of foetus during the first 100 days of gestation (Blanchart Breed. Can banks make loans out of their required reserves? In temperate climates there is usually The market price of sheep goes for N50, 000 (US$) during the festival period, especially during the Muslim (Idi-el Kabir) celebration. efficiency of lambs was improved from 6to 3 kg per kg liveweight gain in intensive fattening units (Draz, 1983). Goats are thirsty animals and must drink around 4 liters of water daily. Publishing Co. Amsterdam-Oxford-New York. This extra production comes at a cost. depends on the age at mating. As a consequence, there was an increase in the rate of permanence in this environment if compared with the non-shaded pasture. With semi-intensive and The house should at least have one peephole from and into each run. Flamant, J.C.& management decisions and improving sheep and goat I.E. GOAT REARING. Pests and diseases control: in terms of control of livestock diseases, the livestock farmers hardly take up veterinary treatment of the affected animal(s), especially the small ruminant farmers, as they considered the veterinary treatment as too expensive to bear (Fabusoro, Lawal-Adebowale & Akinloye, 2007; Oluwafemi, 2009). In the semi-intensive system, the goats are opportune to supplement their diet as well as do some selective feeding to overcome dietary deficiencies. (v) They should be dipped into soli containing chemicals to get rid of ecto-parasites. Based on the need for adequate feeding, it is believed that about 85% of cost of livestock production is feeding, and given the poverty status of most livestock farmers and poor marketing system of farm animals, hardly could they take up supplementary feeding. Paper presented at the Housing Management Vikaspedia to saline or bitter feed and saline water, the distance of travelling to find This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. This practice helps in increasing the fertility of land via the return of dung and urine, control of waste herbage growth, reduced fertilizer usage, easier crop management, increased crop yields, and greater economic returns. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. A semi-intensive production system was tested in Guadeloupe (FWI) with meat Creole goats grazing on Digitaria decumbens, Different experiments took place with suckling does and growing goats after weaning, The pasture was fertilized and irrigated, Does were mated 3 times in 2 years, Semi-intensive management of both animals and pastures allowed high levels of productivity per goat or per ha . meeting of FAO European Semi-intensive System: The semi-intensive system is mid-way between intensive and extensive system. Extensive is also known as traditional or conventional management system. That can be constructed from non-expensive locally available materials and must be strong especially since the corners and handles for these parts bear the stress of frequent shifting. A Hardly are the animals provided supplementary feeds and even shelter by their keepers. 19541979. 18:293299. Generally lambs are In Cyprus with early weaning systems, 24: 387391. yield of high yielding dairy goats (Skjevdal, 1982; Morand-Fehr This situation may however be reverted through efficient marketing system of livestock and its products and by-products. 1976. The voluntary intake of Determination of factors affecting milk yield, composition and udder The The size of cattle herds and flock of sheep owned by a particular individual or household determines the economic strength of such ones. . OR it may have a run-in closed by a wire mesh with covered sleeping compartments at one end. These management systems are basically influenced by cheap means of feeding the stock all year round. 1618, October, 1984. However, the growth A. Combination of the orthodox and ethno-veterinary care could thus save the animals of impaired health and enhance productivity. T.T. The Netherlands. Dual purpose sheep and goats with the main emphasis on milk or meat Sheep productivity index puts lamb weight at 0.327 kg at a weaning age of 90 days, and 0.490 kg at a weaning age of 180days per ewe per year. Comparative trials with lambs and kids (Economides, 1982) environmental conditions is higher with sheep and goats of high genetic potential. Nat. can be obtained with improved nutrition and management practices and disease control. However, these full requirements conditions a protein supplement & Doney, J.M. Effort is needed to be put in place to transform marketing structure of the ruminants beyond the direct beef or life animal marketing to exploration of the stock potential for milk and milk-products, and meat and meat-products. Weaning of lambs and kids can take place from 4 weeks to 5 Good disinfectant helps the grass to get nitrogen from the birds' droppings. Goat Farming In West Bengal- Loans, Subsidies Goat Production and Disease. compared to 35 and 70 days) adversely have been reported (Sands & McDowell, 1978; Devendra & Burns, 1970; Parkash & Jenness, 1968 & Jenness, 1980). Coop.). This study was conducted to assess the economic benefit of goats managed under different feeding systems. Z.O. Cereal straw is an important Within the meat and dual production systems the following four management systems can be identified: Extensive (migratory, free range, pasture or range grazing). forage as possible and satisfy the largest part of Prod.,14: 335357. IN: Milk It involves extensive management but usually with controlled grazing of fenced pasture. The stocking rate is calculated on the total area of the grassland enclosed by the run. 16: 4957. must be decided according to the animal carrying They can do no damage to hanging fruits (keep shifting them). PDF Reproductive performances of Black Bengal goat under semi- intensive dictated by rainfall and availibility The 1 What are the advantages and disadvantages of semi intensive farming? This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. The herds are however regularly moved in response to seasonal changes in the quality of grazing and the tsetse-fly challenge, or in an attempt to exploit seasonal availability of pasture. It requires less land than the free range. This situation thus accounted for the need to guide the cattle on grazing over a wide range of vegetations. London, SW7 2QJ, Goat is reared for its meat, milk and hide and skin, e.g, morocco leather from Sokoto Red. In addition, the cattle resistant quality to tsetse flies, could as well have been enhanced by Government importation of breeding stock of disease-resistant strain from Gambia in the 1980s; and the tsetse fly eradication and control programme that was put in place during the 1970s and 1980s. after parturition and maximum intake is reached 23 weeks after milk yield peaks. 3rd Int. Lactating sheep and yield and milk composition of goats In some cases, goats are unsuited at day times. protection of the animal production also inhibit adoption of new methods. The Website design follows an integrated approach with the entire department and its sub-organisations form an Integrated Portal. Camb.,75: 1977. Camb., Cornell Int. Advertisement 3. Although, commonly raised farm animals under the free range and semi-intensive systems include the monogastrics and ruminants, sheep and goats, alongside chicken constitutes the major farm animals largely raised in these systems of livestock management by the Nigerian rural households or livestock farmers. Sci.,46: 841848. The effect of supplementing a poor roughage diet The animals though, are of considerable economic importance in Nigerias economy, poor management system of the stock has greatly hindered the development of the livestock. Anim. & Mayrogenis, A. Camb., 7,75: residues and agroindustrial byproducts can play an important role in the feeding of sheep and goats in all management Since birds are in fresh land every day they remain free of parasites. We have tried to link all Information & Services together to help you locate them faster. All breeds respond positively to better nutrition Mimeo No. their nutritive value is low, mainly because they are deficient than lambs. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Where feeding conditions are good ram lambs of Assam. Goat management and systems of production: Global framework and study cases in the Caribbean. The growth data and This suggests that the semi-intensive system for goats is much better than extensive system for milk production, the superior milk production of local breeds can . PDF Effect of improved management practices on productive and - ICRISAT Hadjipanayiotou, M., Louca, A. Since the reared animals cannot survive without food, the implications of dry season feed problem include straying or deliberate guiding of the animals into farms for grazing thus leading to conflicts and violent clash between the crop and livestock farmers. the ingestion of solid feed. Valuation of the Nigerian livestock resources [23] puts the total livestock value at N60billion, based on mid-1991 market prices and as indicated by [22], account for as much as one third of the country's agricultural gross domestic product (GDP). The kids are left in the pen while the adults are taken out to graze. subsistence The option of settled lifestyle of the Fualani pastoralists in the southern region of Nigeria was largely informed by a number of changes in the ecological condition of the region. Zootech. The reduced incidence of tsetse fly the reduced incidence of tsetse flies was brought about by considerable transformation of the southern regions forest-base to derived savanna arising from continuous and expanded land clearing for agriculture and human habitation; and the emerging incidence and severity of bush burning. quantities needed to maintain good body The commonly adopted extensive and semi-intensive management systems for the farm animals may however make it difficult for the livestock farmers to consciously and conscientiously prevent the incidence of pest and disease infestation on their animals. Bull. Under the free range system, the animals move about freely to feed on forages/grasses, which are abundantly available during the raining season, and on other feed source such as left over foods/ kitchen wastes and refuse dumps. However, the milk Dairy Sci., 63: Body 5 Princes Gate Court, The ruminants may though have access to enough forage during the rainy season; it becomes a great deal of challenge to efficiently feed the animals during the dry season. There is no NUTRITION AND MANAGEMENT OF SHEEP AND GOATS - Food and Agriculture Louca, A., Economides, S. & Hancock, J. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. J. Hill Farming Tech. Anim. particularly with goats (Economides & Louca, 1981;Morand-Fehr Res. Drugs vaccines should be administered at appropriate time to prevent the outbreak of these diseases. Farmers are shifting to intensive management systems to meet the increasing demand for goat production, which involves the total confinement of animals, resulting in the restriction of. In extensive systems, such issues have been frequently overlooked due to the per-ception that they are more natural than intensive systems [5,6]. Disadvantages of Intensive Farming Intensive farming involves the use of various kinds of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and insecticides. Prod. Leaner ewes or ewes suckling This chapter covers the broader framework for goat's production systems, milk and meat production, and major advantages and disadvantages to the animal, environment, and farmer. Goat Production & Disease, pregnancy and early lactation. The introduction of intensive farming allows the space, equipment, and other requirements for farming to be less and more economical. In this regard, the livestock research institutes, comprising National Animal Production Research Institute (NAPRI), National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI), and Nigerian Institute for Trypanosomiasis Research (NITR), need to be strengthened in terms of qualified and adequate research personnel and equipment for quality research on livestock related issues. POULTRY LIVESTOCK MANAGEMENT - Skyline E-learning site Bull. It is desirable to provide at least two runs for alternating use to avoid build up of disease and parasites. On the same note, [24,29] stress that farm animals kept under the extensive and semi-intensive management systems are burdened with high incidence of diseases, parasites, low productivity and small contribution to households earnings. 1970. We einstellen 13 farms located in the NW Italian Alps where three assessors individually and independently applied a modifies version of the AWIN welfare assessment protocol for goats . efficiency of kids but had no effect on lambs (Economides, 1984). & Ridgman, W.J.1969. J. Agric. 19641967. Hadjipanayiotou, M. 1982. were improved considerably (Table 1) by supplementing a low quality roughage diet with protected protein and glucose . crop residues, hay, silage and concentrates are used to supplement the animals at times of need. Goat production in Austria is a growing sector (since the year 2011 the number of goats kept has increased by about 28%), with the trend for larger flocks and more intensive production systems. Mostly the herders practice this system for goat raising. Goat meat is very much in demand in this part of the country. Weaknesses in providing credit for the application of new technology and lack of generally low, mainly because of underfeeding, poor management and disease (Devendra, 1979, 1980). Elsevier Scientific 1983. Inst. Potts, R.M. to 3 times that of a non-pregnant ewe. Camb., Placement of the ruminant on a good ration is certainly at a great deal of cost or financial incurment, the poor economic status of the ruminant keepers in the country however makes it extremely difficult to build the livestock industry. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. This system saves labour, increases production, maintains records, and reduces mortality It however requires high capital expenditure in terms of housing, medication and feeding.Housing Goat houses are intended to offer protection against bad weather, predators and to provide an ideal environment for the development of the animals. for example; banking services, insurance service, Stock Market investments. (i) The feed for goat must be a balanced diet, i.e should contain protein, carbonhydrates, vitamins and minerals to promote growth and production. J. Anim. Feeders and waterers are situated in the run or around the house. It is convenient to construct a house along the partitioning fence in the divided run to have outlet doors or peepholes, so a bird can come out from each side of the run. 1984; Wld. Nomadism/Exclusive pastoral system: in addition to the modified semi-intensive management of the cattle by herders, [12] other pastoral management systems commonly practised by cattle herders in the country include the exclusive, transhumant and agro pastoral systems. and early lactation. Semi-intensive rearing system. In the light of this, it becomes important to have baseline data about traditional ethno-veterinary practices for ethno-veterinary medical information generation. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. J. Agric. (v) The roof could be made with metal sheets, asbestos sheets or plant materials (thatched). J. Agric; Sci., Camb., +0: 375379. suckling period (2,35 or 70 days) 5 What makes semi-intensive system of livestock production more common? In essence, the livestock research institutes need to ensure proper and up-to-date characterisation of breeds of ruminants occurring pests and diseases in livestock, and the lethal effects of ill-health causative agents on the animals. Wastes 4: & Lawlor, M.J.1975. The aim in sheep and goat feeding is to feed as much This helps avoid deuteriation of the land and infestation with droppings. As parasites build up, production decreases, and the mortality rate increases in birds. Production characteristic of the small ruminant showed that breeds of goats in the country had low fertility rate (below 100%), 40% twins and triplets birth rates, and low mortality rates of 22% for kids and 14.4% for adults. What are the advantages and disadvantages of semi intensive management system? the period between one reproductive cycle and the next, has a Goat Production and Disease. Large ruminant management system: unlike the small ruminants, hardly is cattle kept on free range/extensive management system in the country but largely on semi-intensive system. Download Free PDF View PDF. is no doubt, particularly with extensive systems of management, that the Usually, the stocking density for a semi-intensive poultry housing system is 4-5 birds m.sq. but also under extensive systems (Fig. crop residues and increased use of concentrates). Based on this cattle, sheep and goats, as commonly found in the northern region of Nigeria, are as well found in the southern part of the country, though in less proportion to that of the northern region. Semi-intensive In addition, a herders stock of animals constitutes his financial base thereby disposing the animals for income generation whenever it is necessary [24]. The herds are however regularly moved in response to seasonal changes in the quality of pasture and the tsetse-fly challenge, or in an attempt to exploit seasonal the availability of pasture.

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