puttalam to colombo train time table

WebFind Train/Railway schedule, railway ticket price and Railway station contact detail LUNUWILA to COLOMBO FORT National Transport Commission operates a bus from Colombo Bastian Mawatha Bus Terminal to Puttalam every 15 minutes. Some details and images displayed here, were taken from other websites. Web500 (2022).What does Chinas coal push mean for its climate goals?https:/www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-what-does-chinas-coal-push-mean-for-its-climate-goals/8 iGDP. Goes through Avissawella, Kitulgala and Ginigathhena. Distance from Fort station : 42.138 (2020) VSS SDG VSS 232 VSS 17 ( 6)VSS 8() 12() 2() 200 VSS 16() 15() 5()9() 7() 10()VSS VSS VSS VSS 180207194191136198125222129112200214196115816500501001502002501234567891011121314151617 VSSBissinger et al. Train Schedule - Train Time Table Colombo Fort to Galle; Bus Routes Sri Lanka; Sri Lankan FM Colombo Fort. (2017) 24 36% 64% VSS 27 B.VSS VSS VSS VSS, VSS VSS VSS VSS VSS (2020) VSS VSS VSS VSS 10 VSS 10 VSS ( VSS VSS )28292929292930303031313131323232323233343434353535353637373738383939414243434446252525252626262626262727272727272727282828282121212222222323232323232323232424151515151516161617171717171717171718181818181818191919191920202020202020202021121212131313131313131313131313131313141414141414141414151515151515151515151515899991010101111111112121212121212121212121212121212211512(2020)28 VSS VSS VSS VSSVSS 4 VSS VSS VSS VSS VSS VSS ()(FiBL)(IISD) 2008 14 VSS 2020 ()( 11) 2008 9% 2020 20-40% 2008 3% 2020 26-44% 2008 2% 2020 15% 2008 6% 2020 16-22% 2008 1% 2020 18-20% 2008 2%2020 6-10% 2008 1% 2020 7-8% 2008 2% 2020 1-2%(Meier et al.2020)2020 10%/ 2008 7%(Depoorter and Marx,2022)VSS 29 112008 2020 72121623910.41.67.46.018.216.115.326.820.720202008VSS 12 VSS 1.94%Tayleur et al. 210 and the November 2022Diversity&Inclusion Practice The economic state of Latinos in the US:Determined to thriveCover image:ferrantraite/Getty ImagesCopyright 2022 McKinsey&Company.All rights reserved.This publication is not intended tobe used as the basis for trading inthe shares of any company or forundertaking any other complex orsigni cant nancial transactionwithout consulting appropriateprofessional advisers.No part of this publication may becopied or redistributed in any formwithout the prior written consent ofMcKinsey&Company.The economic state of Latinos in the US:Determined to thriveNovember 2022AuthorsAna Paula CalvoCarolina MazueraJordan MorrisLucy PrezBernardo Sichel3The economic state of Latinos in the US:Determined to thrivePrefaceIn December 2021,we published our inaugural report on Latino economic mobility,The economic state of Latinos in America:The American dream deferred.It called attention to Latinos in the United States,highlighting their contributions as workers,business owners,consumers,and savers.The findings in this follow-up report,The economic state of Latinos in the US:Determined to thrive,provide an updated,multidimensional view of Latino economic life,with particular attention on Latino consumers,who represent a fast-growing segment underserved by existing offerings.Our framework is similar to that of last years report but anchored by consumers,who fuel economic growth across the US.We have embedded examples of actions companies and nonprofits are already taking to support Latinos in the US,as thought starters and potential sources of inspiration.Our goal for this report is to shed light on both the barriers and the enablers of economic mobility so that we continue building a stronger,more inclusive economy.Seven out of ten people across the world live in societies with growing inequality,and this is particularly true for Latinos,who have been disproportionately impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic and inflation.1 As a firm,we are committed to enabling sustainable and inclusive growth.We have invested in over 23,000 Asian,Black,and Latino leaders through our Connected Leaders Academy to date,a program focused on capability-building and driving transformative personal and professional change.Additionally,we have helped launch Ownership Works,a new nonprofit aimed to create$20 billion of wealth for working families.The research was led by Ana Paula Calvo,who is a consultant in McKinseys Miami office,where Carolina Mazuera is an associate partner;Lucy Prez,who is a senior partner in the Boston office;and Bernardo Sichel,who is a partner in the Chicago office.The project teams were led by Jordan Morris and included Anna Maria Gil,Valeria Zuniga,Miranda David,and Jos de Lapuerta.Maria Gutierrez and Margret-Ann Natsis led external outreach and the authors would like to thank them for their contributions and support.We would especially like to thank the Aspen Institutes Latinos and Society program for their knowledge partnership and commitment to sharing this research externally.We hope this report,together with our previous publication from 2021,will spur further action.This work is independent and reflects our own views.Lucy Prez Co-leader of McKinseys North America Hispanic Latino Network Senior Partner,McKinsey&Company BostonNovember 20221 Daniela Bas,Elliott Harris,and Wenyan Yang,World Social Report 2020:Inequality in a rapidly changing world,UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs,2020.4The economic state of Latinos in the US:Determined to thrive5The economic state of Latinos in the US:Determined to thriveContentsExecutive summary 71.Introduction 132.Latino consumers:Driving growth with conscious choices 153.Poised for success:Latinos at work,in business,and in wealth 294.Actions to support Latino economic mobility 456The economic state of Latinos in the US:Determined to thriveExecutive summaryUS Latinos account for the fastest-growing portion of US GDP.So much so,that if we considered US Latinos as their own country,it would be third only to the GDP growth rate of China and India in the past decade.2 At a time of economic uncertainty with concerns about a possible recession growing,consumers are looking for additional support.Our research estimates that the Latino consumer base has unmet needs of more than$100 billion currently,and this could grow six-fold to$660 billion if we address the parity gap between Latinos and non-Latino Whites based on share of population.Latino consumers are driving growth while their needs go unmetOver the past decade,Latinos have grown their household consumption to reach a cumulative$1 trillion market in 2021a 6 percent annual growth rate over the last decade.Their household spend is higher compared to other groups at similar income levels,and yet marketing spend directed at Latinos most likely does not reflect this.3 Latinos are conscious of their impact,choosing brands that value the environment and their employees,all of which makes them more influential than their income levels would suggest.However,Latino consumers are often highly dissatisfied with the products offered to themespecially compared to their non-Latino White counterparts.This dissatisfaction ranges across product categories,from food and beverages to financial products,which may point to unresolved needs that impact their daily life.If brands address the drivers of dissatisfaction in terms of access and value proposition,there is a collective$109 billion of revenue at stake,when considering current spending and future potential should improved products be offered.Latino voices remain underrepresented in the C-suites of corporate America where product offerings and capital allocation decisions are made,and this is particularly true of Latina women.As a result,Latino consumers are often overlooked by companies that do not recognize them as a priority demographic.Less than 5 percent of seats in Fortune 500 boards and in C-suites of corporate America are occupied by Latinos despite this community representing 19 percent of the US population.4 Latina women hold 1 percent of seats in Fortune 500 boards,the smallest percentage of board seats compared to any racial or ethnic demographic in the US.5 Furthermore,Latina women may be further marginalized at work as described in our latest Women in the workplace report.6 At the same time,Latinos have also been more heavily impacted by COVID-19 and inflation than other populations,and this has exposed their vulnerabilities.Consequently,Latinos are expected to change their consumer spending and take aggressive action to switch to brands that better meet their needs.Companies that support Latino consumers by optimizing value propositions and tailoring their marketing and sales strategies have a singular opportunity to capture the potential this growing market represents.2 Dan Hamilton,et al.,2022 LDC US Latino GDP report,Latino Donor Collaborative,September 2022.3 Jeremy Goldman and Daniel Konstantinovic,Hispanic consumers remain an underserved demographic for many marketers,Insider Intelligence,September 25,2021.4Latino Board Monitor,Latino Corporate Directors Association,August 2022.5 Ibid.6 Lareina Yee,et al.,Women in the workplace 2022,McKinsey in partnership with LeanIn.org.,October 18,2022.7The economic state of Latinos in the US:Determined to thriveClosing the Latino wealth gap would strengthen the existing consumer opportunity by more than 500 percent In a scenario in which Latinos match their spend to their share of population,Latino consumers would spend around$554 billion more than today.Closing this gap would require addressing the underlying income and savings gaps between Latinos and non-Latino Whites.Employers and society at large have much to gain from providing Latinos with better jobs that also provide advancement and leadership opportunities.In pursuing greater prosperity and fulfilment,Latinos increased their share of professional roles to 25 percenta five percentage point gain over the past decade.However,Latinos still face barriers in the workplace,through discrimination,implicit biases,or a lack of opportunities for advancement in new roles.In fact,if Latinos were represented at job levels in line with their share of the population,and paid the same as non-Latino Whites,they would receive an additional$281 billion in annual income that could be further deployed to drive economic growth.7 Latino savers have only a fifth of the median wealth of their non-Latino White counterparts,and their savings have been depleted;today,almost half of Latinos have little or no retirement savings.Only 23 percent of Latinos are considered financially healthy in 2022 compared to 35 percent of non-Latino Whites.Nevertheless,Latinos net wealth is increasing at a faster rate(9 percent for Latinos,versus 4 percent for non-Latino Whites),narrowingbut not yet closingthe gap with non-Latino Whites.If the trend continues,Latino households could reach an average net worth of$47,000 this year.While Latinos have about half as much debt as non-Latino White counterparts,this may be because they find it difficult to access appropriate financial products.Latinos are 1.7 times more likely than non-Latino Whites to be turned down for a loan,and 30 percent are unbanked or underbanked compared to 12 percent of their non-Latino White counterparts.8 For financial institutions,this is a significant opportunity to address an underserved consumer market.Investing in Latino entrepreneurs is a key part of the answerLatinos are the most entrepreneurial group in the US economy,but they face significant barriers in access to capitalincluding lower approval rates than non-Latino White-owned businesses for bank loans,private-equity funding,and factoring.Less than 5 percent of venture capital is directed toward Latino entrepreneurs.9 These obstacles,along with Latino businesses lower representation in fast-growing economic sectors,limit their expansion and their opportunity to contribute to a more diversified product offering that meets the needs of American consumers.If Latino businesses access to capital were improved,and their representation in growing sectors increased,they would contribute an additional$2.3 trillion in revenue to the economy and create 750,000 new employer firms,resulting in more than six million jobs.10 Interventions to improve access to funding,both from financial institutions and procurement-led organizations,and investments in digital capabilities for Latino businesses can help realize this potential.7 McKinsey calculations using the 2020 5-Year estimates,2020 ACS data release,American Community Survey,US Census Bureau.8Economic well-being of US households in 2020,Federal Reserve,May 2021.9 Janice Bitters Turi,VC funding to early-stage Latine-founded startups in the US has stalled.Heres why that matters,Crunchbase News,January 26,2022.10Annual business survey 2019,US Census Bureau.23%of Latinos are considered financially healthy in 20228The economic state of Latinos in the US:Determined to thriveDespite being disproportionately impacted by COVID-19,Latinos have demonstrated resilience and determination to thriveWorkersSavers and investors54%Of the wage gap can be explained by 4%of professions$281BGap in annual income compared with non-Latino White Americans$47KExpected average household wealth based on historic growth compared with$212k for White Americans80%of Latino-owned frms had sales return to pre-pandemic levels by mid-202114crease in unemployment rate from pandemic high$1.1T in aggregate annual spend,back to pre-pandemic level$77BGap in aggregate disposable savings among Latino and White householdsBusiness ownersConsumers744KNew businesses would be created if the Latino share of employer businesses matched its population share6.3MNew jobs would be created as a result(average size of Latino-owned frms decreased from last year)8%Annual growth in Latino spending for the past nine years$663BGap in consumption,including to reach consumption parity and additional willingness to pay for better oferingsGap increased from last years reportGap decreased from last years reportExhibit E1The economic state of Latinos in the US:Determined to thrive9The economic state of Latinos in the US:Determined to thriveLatinos proven resilience through the pandemic indicates strong fundamentals for economic mobilityLatinos play a crucial and growing role in the US economy and have demonstrated resourcefulness,hard work,and creativitydespite being challenged by lower-paying jobs,less education,and widespread bias.Over the past year,it has become clear that Latinos are also uniquely vulnerable to income disruption.When COVID-19-associated lockdowns began to be implemented,Latinos found themselves in a precarious position:they were more concentrated in low-wage occupations than non-Latino Whites.11 As a result,almost 60 percent of Latinoswho are overrepresented in industries most impacted by COVID-19,such as hospitalitylost their jobs or had to take a pay cut,and they are now more vulnerable to high inflation than other groups.The longer-term challenges Latinos face have been compounded recently by the triplicate effects of COVID-19,supply chain disruptions,and high inflation affecting Latino businesses operations.Altogether,60 percent of Latino-owned businesses had to reduce or modify their operations during the pandemicto such a degree that some could not survive without government assistance.Fortunately,80 percent of Latino businesses had stabilized their sales back to 2019 levels by the second half of 2021.Our latest findings point to other welcome signs of agility among economically active Latinos.Over the past year,they have increased their share in professional occupations,raised their net worth faster than their non-Latino White counterparts,and shown their mettle as the fastest-growing minority entrepreneurial group.As consumers,Latinos already represent a$1 trillion market,and their spending power is rising(6 percent compounded annual growth in the last decade,compared to 3 percent for the non-Latino White population).12 Latinos have been making significant strides over the past decade,and even more recently in the aftermath of the disruption presented by the COVID-19 pandemic.Nevertheless,deliberate intervention is necessary to close the gap and fuel a stronger US economy.If companies,investors,nonprofits and philanthropists,and policymakers act now,they can address the barriers that hinder full economic participation by Latinos.The right combination of structural and immediate interventions can accelerate Latino economic advancement and prosperity.Action is needed in several key areas:improving Latino representation and inclusion in decision-making bodies;expanding product portfolios,optimizing value propositions and targeting marketing and sales strategies for Latino consumers;increasing access to capital for Latino entrepreneurs;improving access to education,reskilling opportunities,and better jobs for Latino workers;and removing bias and discrimination.Winning the US Latino consumer,worker,saver,and entrepreneur is an outsize opportunity for organizations that act now and invest in the right people,processes,and systems to serve a market that has not been as visible as its numbers would foretell.11 2020 5-Year estimates,2020 ACS data release,American Community Survey,US Census Bureau.12Consumer expenditure survey 2021,US Census Bureau,US Bureau of Labor Statistics.80%of Latino businesses had stabilized their sales back to 2019 levels by the second half of 202110The economic state of Latinos in the US:Determined to thriveSidebar The journey continuesMcKinseys first report in this series,The Economic State of Latinos in America:The American dream deferred,was published in December 2021.It shone a spotlight on Latinos in the USa rapidly growing population who make an outsized contribution as workers,entrepreneurs,consumers,and savers,but who remain economically well behind their non-Latino White counterparts.Highlights of the 2021 report:Latinos are a fast-growing population that will represent over 25 percent of the population by 2050 and a significant share of the US labor force.Latinos will make up nearly a quarter of the US labor force by 2030 and nearly a third by 2060.Latinos are concentrated in low-wage occupations,are less likely to have nonwage employer benefits,and are strikingly underrepresented in higher-paying occupations based on their share of the US labor force.Latinos are highly entrepreneurial but constrained by lower access to capital,which limits their abilities to start and scale their businesses.While Latino consumption is growing at a faster pace than that of non-Latino Whites,it still lags well behind Latinos share of the US population,constrained by lower incomes and wealth.Latino wealth has grown at a rate more than twice that of non-Latino White wealth,given low participation in assets that accumulate wealth(for example,stock market)and a lower base($36,000 for Latinos versus$188,000 for non-Latino Whites).1 1 2019 survey of consumer finances,Federal Reserve,2020.Data sources This research is based on both publicly available sources and proprietary McKinsey data,research,and tools.Data used in this report was drawn from multiple sources including the US Census Bureau,Stanford Graduate School of Business,the Bureau of Labor Statistics,and McKinsey consumer surveys.The primary external sources include the US Census Bureaus American Community Survey,the Feds Small Business survey,Stanfords 2021 State of Latino Entrepreneurship,and the US Bureau of Labor Statistics Consumer Expenditure Survey.We also designed and implemented a consumer survey(conducted August 2022,n=4,400)to better understand Latino consumer preferences and dissatisfaction.This survey also focused on understanding differences across Latino subgroups,including by place of birth and income bracket,amongst other dimensions.11The economic state of Latinos in the US:Determined to thrive12The economic state of Latinos in the US:Determined to thrive1.IntroductionLatinos are a fast-growing population in the US,and their role is becoming more critical than everespecially at a time when the broader economy is strained by inflationary headwinds.As consumers,Latinos already represent a$1 trillion market,and their strength is increasing.13 They increasingly occupy higher-skilled and professional roles as both workers and business owners.And,as savers,they are preparing their families for the future.Yet,too often,Latinos find themselves stuck in low-wage jobs with limited prospects that do not reflect their full potential.They felt the economic impact of COVID-19 to a greater degree than non-Latino Whites.14 Similarly,Latinos have proven they are more vulnerable to the impact of high inflation.This makes it more urgent than ever to understand the role Latinos play in the US and to undertake far-reaching interventions that promote equitable advancement and opportunityas discussed in last years report,The economic state of Latinos in America:The American dream deferred.Change is possible,and a better,fairer,and more equitable society for Latinos can be created,strengthening and improving US society for all.In this report,we have identified practical,targeted interventions,with examples of corporate actions,that can address Latinos needs and could unleash trillions of dollars into the US economy.The structural and practical interventions proposed could support Latinos as they consolidate their economic significance in the USclosing the gaps in a move that will hold massive gains for society as a whole.And for millions of households and communities,this would mean better security,more prospects,and more financial freedom.BoxLatinos in the USLatinos form a substantial and growing demographic,accounting for almost 19 percent of the US population today.On average,they are younger and increasingly more educated,as 70 percent have completed at least a high school education.1 Over a third are immigrants and may be supporting family members elsewhere.They tend to be overrepresented in lower-paying occupations,face barriers accessing capital,and find it more difficult to save and invest in assets that accumulate wealth over time.13 Consumer expenditure survey 2021,US Census Bureau,US Bureau of Labor Statistics.14 Anna Brown,Juliana Menasce Horowitz,and Rachel Minkin,A year into the pandemic,long-term financial impact weighs heavily on many Americans,Pew Research Center,March 5,2021.1 2020 5-Year estimates,2020 ACS data release,American Community Survey,US Census Bureau.13The economic state of Latinos in the US:Determined to thrive14The economic state of Latinos in the US:Determined to thrive2.Latino consumers:Driving growth with conscious choicesOver the past decade,Latinos have grown their household consumption to reach a cumulative$1 trillion market in 2021a 6 percent annual growth rate over the past decade.Their household spend is higher compared to other groups at similar income levels given that Latino households are larger than those for non-Latino Whites.And Latinos are conscious of their impact,choosing brands that value the environment and their employees,all of which makes them more influential than their income levels would suggest.However,Latino consumers are often highly dissatisfied with the products offered to themespecially compared to their non-Latino White counterparts.This dissatisfaction ranges across product categories,from food and beverages to financial products,which may point to unresolved needs that impact their daily life.If brands can address price and qualitythe drivers of dissatisfactionthere is a potential$109 billion in spending at stake for Latino consumers.At the same time,Latinos have also been more heavily impacted by COVID-19 and inflation than other populations.They are likely to take aggressive action to save money and switch to brands that better meet their needs(Exhibit 1).Companies can support Latino consumers by optimizing value propositions,offering value product lines,and tailoring their marketing and sales strategies.Sidebar The Latino consumer is younger,increasingly more educated,and with less incomeLatinos form a large and growing demographic within the US and account for an increasing share of total consumption,although there is a spending gap between them and others.Latinos are relatively young,with a median age of 30.5 years,and more than a third are immigrants,compared to under 5 percent among non-Latinos.16 In terms of country of origin,Mexicans account for the largest group of immigrant Latinos,representing 62 percent of the total US Latino population,followed by Puerto Ricans(10 percent).Latinos have lower incomes when compared to other groups:37 percent of Latino households have an annual income of less than$40,000 compared to 28 percent of non-Latino households.Their education levels are increasingin 2014,36 percent had not completed high school,but by 2020,only 30 percent lacked a high-school diplomabut still lag other groups,with only 9 percent of non-Latino Whites not completing high school.17 As a result,they earn less,are overrepresented in lower-paying occupations,and have fewer opportunities for advancement,as discussed in the previous chapter.As a diverse demographic,despite certain generalities,they show correspondingly diverse behavior.Besides socio-economic differences,US-born Latinos show a higher level of acculturation,such as language use,and their preferences are closer to those of their non-Latino White counterparts than those of foreign-born Latinos.Latino consumers can be understood and segmented appropriately to address their differing needs.1 2020 5-Year estimates,2020 ACS data release,American Community Survey,US Census Bureau.2 Ibid.15The economic state of Latinos in the US:Determined to thriveExhibit 1Latinos are overrepresented in frontlines and underrepresented in senior management roles.4x more than general population.2022 annual spend,$BExpected impact of infation on consumption,%Expected decrease in spend due to infation,$B1Includes Food&Bev at home,Housing and Healthcare.Source:McKinsey consumer survey,August 2022(n=4,400)48%$9,313B52%General population48%$1,215B52%Latinos31%$136B69%General population24%$79 B76%Latinos-1.0-1.5-1.9General population-2.7-6.5-10.0LatinosEssentialNon-essentialmore on non-essential categories5xmore on essential categories and 3xInfation is expected to impact Latino consumption more than the general US population of consumption reduction due to price increases from infationary pressure70%of total spend but those categories will absorb50%Spend in non-essential categories for general US population accounts forLatinos grow their spending,despite lower income levelsLatinos form a key consumer group in the US,with a market size of$1 trillion per annumdespite a spending gap in part due to lower income levels.As a group,Latinos are growing their consumption faster than non-Latino Whites(Exhibit 2).While Latinos overall spend has increased significantly in the past decade,it still lags their share of population:Latinos account for 19 percent of the US population but drive only 13 percent of total household income,with more expenditure on essentials such as food at home,healthcare,and housing.While Latinos spend more than their population share in rental accommodation,mens and childrens clothing,and footwear,there is still a$554 billion gap in consumption that could be closed if Latinos expenditure matched their share of the US population(Exhibit 3).15Despite their lower average income levels,Latino households spend more than others at the same income level.Sixty percent of Latinos have a household income of under$50,000,compared to 50 percent of non-Latino Whites.But Latinos in this demographic spend slightly more per household than non-Latino Whites in the same income bracket$21,300 per annum15 2021 consumer expenditure survey,US Census Bureau,US Bureau of Labor Statistics,US Department of Labor.16The economic state of Latinos in the US:Determined to thriveExhibit 2While Latino consumption has grown,it still falls short of Latinos share of the US population.US population.Total annual household consumption,$T1 1Based on total aggregate expenditures from Consumer Expenditure Survey times share of aggregate.Source:US Census Bureau,Consumer Expenditure Surveys(https:/www.bls.gov/cex/),and American Community Survey 2020 5-Year estimates Web 2022Emerging cautiously:Australian Consumers in 2022Exhibit 2 of 10Latino share of US consumption,v 5%p.a.

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