how many slaves were there in 1870

Cookie Settings, preaching and shouting at a religious gathering, National Historical Geographic Information System], Five Places Where You Can Still Find Gold in the United States, Scientists Taught Pet Parrots to Video Call Each Otherand the Birds Loved It, Balto's DNA Provides a New Look at the Intrepid Sled Dog, The Science of California's 'Super Bloom,' Visible From Space, What We're Still Learning About Rosalind Franklins Unheralded Brilliance. The last U.S. census slave schedules were " In other words, slavery was not the paternalist institution that its apologists made it out to be: it was an relentlessly exploitative system where the fundamental relation of owner to enslaved was defined by the markets. WebBelow are the figures for the slave holders, enslaved, and free Blacks and Mulattoes from 1850-1870. A.?, 26 slaves, Harris page 196, MOSES, Amanda, 25 slaves, Harris page 196B, NEAL, John owner Lousisburg NC, Wm. WebThe data collected are used to calculate the number of seats given to each state in the U.S. House of Representatives. WebSlavery was constitutionally abolished by the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in the United States in 1865, freeing over 4 million slaves. further research by those seeking to make connections between slaves and holders. " The data map was an instrument of government, as well as a new technology for representing knowledge. The chart below shows the numbers of Americans in each census year from 1800 to 1860, along with the total population of enslaved African-Americans in the United States (and in the Confederacy). Racially related terms such as African American, black, mulatto and colored are used as in *Generally speaking, the regions used in the source appear to refer to ports that are or were located in the following modern countries in mainland Africa (although there is likely a lot of overlapping data between certain regions, as their borders and names became redefined throughout history); J., 90 slaves, Harris page 216B, BRODIE, Samuel, 34 slaves, Harris page 214B, CLIFTON, T. T., 24 slaves, Harris page 220, COOK, Jones?, 42 slaves, Galloway page 187B, COOLEY, Jacob, 25 slaves, Dunns page 178B, COPPEDGE, Wm. ELLIOTT: You'll hear more about statistics that tell the story of America as we continue this conversation over the coming months. Census data Though the census schedules speak in terms of "slave owners", the transcriber has chosen to use the To learn more about this course or other courses available from the Institute, see our website. On the other hand, the period immediately following the Civil Warcalled Reconstructionwitnessed the creation of a treasure trove of records containing unique information about African Americans. We give all the sources so you can expand and add to it. Available for 11 counties: Camden, Columbia, Elbert, Franklin, Jackson, Morgan, Oglethorpe, Pulaski, Richmond, Warren, and Wilkes. Type of taxes paid also indicate occupation and wealth. U.S. The final circum-Caribbean slave society was what became the southern United States. 5800 Jonesboro Road Please note: Many of these records are found in either the Ordinary (Probate) Court or in the Superior Court, depending on the county. approximately 392,000, an 8% increase, with these Counties being some that showed significant Below are the figures for the slave holders, enslaved, and free Blacks and Mulattoes from 1850-1870. In South Carolina in 1860 there were 482 farms ELLIOTT: Well, we decided to dig deeper by asking Richard Sutch and Susan Carter what caused such a rapid rise in literacy rates after the Civil War. It is possible to locate a free person on the Edgefield Georgias population passed 1 million residents for the first time in 1860. M205. Slaves first were brought to Virginia in 1619. acres or more, the largest size category enumerated in the census, and another 1,184 farms of colored persons from Edgefield County, included the following: Georgia, up 80,000 (17%); Texas, up 70,000 (38%); Plantation names were not shown on the census. Some of these former slaves may have been using the surname of their 1860 slaveholder During the reign of King Cotton, about 40 percent of the Southern population consisted of Black slaves; the percentage of slaves rose as high as 64 percent in South Carolina in 1720 and 55 percent in Mississippi in 1810 and 1860. 1522: A major slave rebellion breaks out on the island of Hispaniola. This schedule will help by identifying the details of your ancestors military service. slightly lower because some large holders held slaves in more than one County and would have Linking names of plantations in this County with the names of the large holders on this list should not be a difficult research By the 1870 census, the white population had increased 9% to 17,040, and the "colored" population had increased 5% to 25,417. Using plantation out of 7,000 free persons, held 20-30% of the total number of slaves in the U.S. Beginning in 1866, African-Americans are listed separately until the early 1960s. WebThe 1870 census was the first census to provide detailed information on the African American population, only five years after the culmination of the Civil War when slaves For example, the Census did not count any slaves in Vermont, which abolished slavery in its 1777 constitution. Should the federal government pay reparations to the descendants of enslaved people? to finding that ancestor as a slave requires advanced research techniques involving all obtainable Historian Steven Deyle estimates "that between 1820 and 1860 at least 875,000 American slaves were forcibly removed from the Upper South to the Lower South." Slaves were of varying importance in Mesoamerica and on the South American continent. Available on the Virtual Vault in File II Subjects and Counties. Your Privacy Rights And slavery spread because enslaved African Americans were forced to migrate. American ancestor with one of these surnames is found on the 1870 census, then making the link WebApproximately 600,000 of 10 million African slaves made their way into the American colonies before the slave trade not slavery was banned by Congress in 1808. It provides the name, age, gender, and race of each resident; their relationship to the head of household; their occupation; and the place of birth of each resident and both of their parents. Check microfilm card catalog Tax Digest drawer for microfilm of tax digests not in Archives custody. This animation shows the percentage of the population enslaved from 1790 to 1860. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'historyguy_com-medrectangle-3','ezslot_1',322,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-historyguy_com-medrectangle-3-0');An American Slave with Scars from Whipping, Slaves as a Percentage of the U.S. Population. What did you find? WebThere were almost 700 thousand slaves in the US in 1790, which equated to approximately 18 percent of the total population, or roughly one in every six people. TERMINOLOGY. should be checked, as almost 11% of African Americans were enumerated as free in 1860, with 24,000 between 1860 and 1870, so possibly that is where some went, even though the overall WebThe 1860 U.S. Census was the last U.S. census showing slaves and slaveholders. That's a lynching every week, more than once a week. A striking way to see the importance of slavery is to look at a map of the total free population: a photo negative, if you will, of slavery. U.S. Department of the Interior (RG 48): African Slave Trade and Negro Colonization, Records of, 1854-1872. and page numbering methods used by the census enumerators, interested researchers should view Senr., 58 slaves, page 421B, HOLLINGSWORTH, J. H., 59 slaves, page 453, HOLLINGSWORTH, Mrs. B., 91 slaves, page 460, JENNINGS, Dr. W. D., 48 slaves, page 510B, MCKIE, Mary E. and one other, 47 slaves, page 495, MEREWETHER, Dr. S. G., 50 slaves, page 496, MERRIWEATHER, Dr. N., 49 slaves, page 495B, MIMS, Dr. R. J., C. M. Gray agent for, 48 slaves, page 513B, MIMS, Dr. E. J., Mathis agent for, 56 slaves, page 515, NIEHLEMAN?, Mrs. E. J., 57 slaves, page 449, PICKENS, F. W., W. B. Martin agent for, 84 slaves, page 513, SEARING, A. L., M. A. Selack for, 96 slaves, page 391B, SEARLS, T. Between 1860 and 1870, the North Carolina colored population increased by about 31,000, to | READ MORE, Lincoln Mullen is a historian of American religions. The U.S. Constitution was ratified September 17, 1787. Before presuming an African American By the 1870 (As a side note, by 1960, 100 years later, the County was Charleston County, South Carolina saw an increase in colored population of about But what's in a statistic? Then you can access your favorite statistics via the star in the header. Learn more. The invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney in 1793 changed the situation, and thereafter cotton culture created a huge demand for slaves, especially after the opening of the New South (Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas). significant increases in colored population during that time, and were therefore more likely possible places of relocation for ", Slave Voyages, Estimated number of African slaves who were taken from various regions* of Africa during the transatlantic slave trade in each century from 1501 to 1866 Statista, https://www.statista.com/statistics/1150475/number-slaves-taken-from-africa-by-region-century/ (last visited May 01, 2023), Estimated number of African slaves who were taken from various regions* of Africa during the transatlantic slave trade in each century from 1501 to 1866 [Graph], Slave Voyages, January 1, 2020. Of this number 2,572 (71%) owned 5 or less. Georgia Archives had decreased about 1.8 % to 7,501. However, the first consideration in accessing records is provenance, that is, the agency or person creating the document. Because Kentucky did not secede from the Union, Kentucky slaves were freed by the ratification of the 13th Amendment. About two-thirds of all slaves shipped across the Atlantic ended up in sugar colonies. WebThis was an increase of 35.4 percent over the 23,069,876 persons enumerated during the 1850 census. In the first decades of the early republic, the northern states had a significant population of slaves, which only slowly diminished through gradual emancipation laws. MIGRATION OF FORMER SLAVES: According to U.S. Census data, the 1860 Edgefield County population included In 1862, during the Civil War, President Abraham One of the fundamental problems of history is scale: how can historians move between understanding the past in terms of a single life and in the lives of millions; within a city and at the bounds of continents; over a period of days and over the span of centuries? Check the County Records Microfilm Catalog under the name of the county. https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/2369, African American Library Directors in the USA, African American Women Veterans in and from Kentucky, Shades of citizenship : race and the census in modern politics, Census and identity : the politics of race, ethnicity, and language in national census, Notable Kentucky African American (NKAA) Database. Once you have traced your ancestor back to the 1870 federal census, the next step would be to confirm whether your ancestor was free or enslaved in 1860. I asked them for the story behind the numbers. here. Check the County Records Microfilm Index available in the Archives Search Room or on our website in the Virtual Vault for more information. The lack of many of the records common in twentieth-century research can make research during this period quite difficult. 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We welcome updates and additions to this Wiki page. WebThe 1870 census: the first after emancipation As the 1860 federal census preceded the end of slavery in 1864-1865, the 1870 federal census is extremely important to African the source film personally to verify or modify the information in this transcription for their own Following the holder In, Slave Voyages. Learn more. This is the first significant uprising of African slaves. Over the period of the Atlantic Slave Trade, from approximately 1526 to 1867, some 12.5 million captured men, women, and children were Illiteracy rates among the non-white population fell from 80 percent in 1870 to just 30 percent in 1910. SURNAME MATCHES AMONG AFRICAN AMERICANS ON 1870 CENSUS: (exact surname spellings only are reported, no spelling variations or soundex), SURNAME, # in US, in State, in County, born in State, born and living in State, born in State ALFORD, Eli, 20 slaves, Galloway page 185B, ALSTON, Alfred, 50 slaves, Harris page 205, ALSTON, Thos. Initially the islands often were settled as well by numerous indentured labourers and other Europeans, but following the triumph after 1645 of the sugar revolution (initially undertaken because superior Virginia The census shows no subdivisions within the County. 1870s-1900s, General Assembly (RG 37) Summary Committee Reports, RG 37-8-35 [Example: Report of the American Negro Study Committee, 1970]. and 1870, so likely that is where many went. WebThe best-known slave societies were those of the circum-Caribbean world. 181B, LEWIS, David M., 38 slaves, Galloway page 188B, LITTLEJOHN, Joseph B., 48 slaves, Harris page 211, MALONE, Dr. Ellis, 34 slaves, Harris page 213B, MANN, Joseph B., 45 slaves, Harris page 196, MARTIN, W. K., 23 slaves, Franklinton page 180, MASSENBURG, N. B., 46 slaves, Harris page 202B, MAY, Willie & Henry, 24 slaves, Galloway page 189B, MCKNIGHT, Asa?, 80 slaves, Galloway page 188, MITCHELL, Leroy, 28 slaves, Harris page 215, MITCHENOR?, Festus, 30 slaves, Galloway page 185, MOON, Wm. As the 1860 federal census preceded the end of slavery in 1864-1865, the 1870 federal census is extremely important to African American research. Newspapers: There are a variety of newspapers available, arranged by city of publication, county of publication, and title of the newspaper. At the beginning of the 1600s, enslaved people for the Trans-Atlantic slave trade were captured in Senegambia and the Windward Coast. Population. SOURCES. enumerated as free in 1860, with about half of those living in the southern States. To help show the big patterns of American slavery, I have created an interactive map of the spread of slavery. used the surname of a former owner in 1870, vary widely and from region to region. The unceasing spread of slavery provoked political crises, eventually leading to the Civil War. Census data for 1860 was obtained from the Historical United States Census Data The birthplace of each individuals parents is also important, as it will help to establish migration routes. Federal Records U.S. Adjutant Generals Office: The Negro in the Military Service of the United States, 1639-1886. Due to variable film quality, handwriting interpretation questions and inconsistent counting [Example: In Lester Maddoxs files, there are such subject headings as Augusta Riot, 1967-70, Black Panthers and School Desegregation.]. Though the census schedules speak in terms of slave owners, the obtained using Heritage Quests CD African-Americans in the 1870 U.S. Federal Census, for such named slaves, did not notice any such information while doing this transcription, except Following the holder list is a They were brought in at first to mine gold, and they were shifted to silver mining or simply let go when gold was exhausted in the mid-16th century. In the 1850 and 1860 censuses, there were separate slave schedules kept, but in almost every case By the time the 1860 Notice that population in the north both grows in place and spreads westward. County Court Records, 1866-: These courts were established in 1866 to handle civil cases in which the amount in question was under $100 as well as misdemeanor/regulatory crimes, previously handled by the County Superior and Inferior Courts. colored population in South Carolina remained about the same in 1870 as it was in 1860. census, the white population had increased about 2.5% to 6,633, while the colored population (This is all the more remarkable since many slaves fled to the British during the Revolutionary War.) | Excluding slaves, the 1860 U.S. population was 27,167,529, with about 1 in 70 being a ELLIOTT: Richard Sutch and Susan Carter are editors-in-chief of Historical Statistics of the United States, which will be published this spring by Cambridge University Press. It grew in intensity in places around the Chesapeake Bay, even as slavery was gradually abolished in the North. WebAs a result of the Union victory in the Civil War and the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution (1865), nearly four million slaves were freed. 2 Rolls. The directories have been scanned and indexed and are searchable by name, date, and location. 13 August 1521: with the capture of King Cuahutemotzin by Hernan Corts and the fall of the city of Mexico, the Aztec empire is overthrown and Mexico comes under Spanish Rule. The researcher should keep in mind that many churches in Georgia had both white and black members, and in some cases, slaves and/or freedmen were not allowed to have a separate church body. Immediately after the Civil War employers are often listed. Agt., 40 slaves, page 402B, DOZIER, A. S. E., 28 slaves, Harris page 200B, THOMAS, Jos. changed through the years and because the sizeable number of large farms must have resulted in at the time of the 1870 census and they may have still been living in the same State or County. Digests in Archives custody up to 1890 are scanned and indexed on Ancestry.com. (As a side note, by 1960, 100 years later, the County was Governors Subject Files, 1781-1993, RG 1-1-5: Chronological. before.) Alabama, up 37,000 (8%); North Carolina, up 31,000 (8%); Florida, up 27,000 (41%); Ohio, up 26,000 (70%); Indiana, up holders of the most slaves with the least amount of transcription work. The census itself only constitutes indirect evidence. County? interpretation questions and inconsistent counting and page numbering methods used by the census enumerators, interested City Directories: Available mainly for Atlanta (1853-1990), but a few are available for other cities in Georgia. Roll 1230) reportedly includes a total of 24,060 slaves, which ranks as the fourth highest total in the State and the sixth held by Rambo on 481B. If this is the case, you must qualify any statements regarding the family relationships with terms like probably or possibly. Before presuming an African American was a slave on the 1860 census, the free census for 1860 And so when historians were able to demonstrate that the Tuskegee figures were accurate and correct, it just gives us a deeper understanding of what these people must have gone through. PLANTATION NAMES. and indication of any handicaps, such as deaf or blind Slaves 100 years of age or older were

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